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Tick-borne Encephalitis TBE (Viral Infection Caused by the TBE Virus) in Dogs

Occurrence: common
Location of illness: Head/Neck

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.11.2025

Tick-borne encephalitisEncephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, often caused by viral infections, which can lead to symptoms such as Fever, headaches, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures or impaired consciousness. (TBE) is a viral infectionA viral infection occurs when a virus enters the body and infects healthy cells, which can lead to disease symptoms. The severity and type of symptoms can vary depending on the type of virus. caused by the TBE virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. that affects the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. of dogs and can lead to inflammatory conditions of the brain and meninges.

The most important facts at a glance

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection caused by the TBE virus and is mainly transmitted through tick bites. The Ixodes ricinus tick is the main vectorA vector is an organism that can transmit pathogens from one host to another without contracting the disease itself, such as ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes. in Central Europe. In dogs, the infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. usually occurs in spring and summer when ticks are active. After transmission, the virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. can affect the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. and cause inflammatory conditions in the brain and meninges, leading to neurological symptoms. Common symptoms are fever, pain, and neurological abnormalities such as seizures and gait instability. The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on clinical symptoms, medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., and specific laboratory tests such as the detection of antibodies in the blood serumBlood serum is the liquid component of blood that remains after coagulation, when blood plasma is separated from platelets and coagulation factors. It contains antibody and other proteins that are important for the immune response..

There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE in dogs. TherapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting bodily functions, often with anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. and anticonvulsantsAnticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs, are medications used to control or prevent seizures. They are used in dogs and cats with epilepsy or other conditions that cause seizures.. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies depending on the severity of the infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease., with early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. improving the chances of recovery. Preventive measures such as avoiding tick bites are crucial, as there is currently no approved vaccinationVaccination is the process of administering a vaccine to develop immunity against a specific infectious disease. It is one of the most effective methods of prevention of infectious diseases. for dogs. Regular veterinary check-ups and good tick prophylaxisProphylaxis refers to preventive measures taken to avoid diseases or health problems. In veterinary medicine, this can include vaccinations, regular deworming, and other preventive treatments. are important to minimize the risk of infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease..

Causes

Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by the TBE virus, which belongs to the genus Flavivirus. This virus is mainly transmitted through tick bites, with the Ixodes ricinus tick being the main vectorA vector is an organism that can transmit pathogens from one host to another without contracting the disease itself, such as ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes. in Central Europe.

The TBE virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. can infect both animals and humans. In dogs, the infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. typically occurs in spring and summer when ticks are most active. The virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. can overwinter in the salivary glands of the tick and is transmitted to the host when it sucks blood.

After transmission, the virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. spreads through the bloodstream in the body and can cross the blood-brain barrierThe blood-brain barrier is a protective barrier between the blood vessels in the brain and the brain tissue. It prevents most substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain tissue, but allows nutrients and oxygen to pass through., leading to inflammatory conditions in the brain and meninges. These inflammatory conditions are the cause of the neurological symptoms observed in infected dogs.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of a TBE infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. in dogs can vary depending on the severity of the infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. and the individual response of the dog. Typical symptoms are fever, apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest., and loss of appetite. These non-specific signs can easily be confused with other diseases.

Neurological symptoms are also common and can include convulsions, tremors, gait disorders, and behavioral changes. Some dogs also show signs of paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system., which is often noticeable in the hind legs.

In severe cases, there may be a severe impairment of brain function, which can manifest as changes in consciousness, disorientation, or even comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.. These symptoms require immediate veterinary attention.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of TBE in dogs is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., and specific laboratory tests. Since the symptoms of TBE are non-specific, it is important to rule out other causes of neurological diseases.

An important diagnostic test is the detection of antibodies against the TBE virus in the dog’s blood serumBlood serum is the liquid component of blood that remains after coagulation, when blood plasma is separated from platelets and coagulation factors. It contains antibody and other proteins that are important for the immune response.. These antibodies can be detected with serological tests such as ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). A positive result indicates an infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. but must be interpreted in the context of the clinical symptoms.

In some cases, a cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber and is involved in regulating the chemical environment of the CNS (central nervous system). examination (examination of the cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber and is involved in regulating the chemical environment of the CNS (central nervous system).) can be performed to detect signs of inflammation. Imaging techniques such as MRI or CT can help to detect structural changes in the brain.

Therapy

There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE in dogs, so therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. focuses on alleviating symptoms and supporting bodily functions. Treatment usually takes place on an inpatient basis at a veterinary hospital.

Anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. such as corticosteroidsCorticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that occur naturally in the body and can also be produced synthetically. They have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and are used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of conditions. can be used to reduce the inflammatory response in the brain. Convulsions are treated with anticonvulsantsAnticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs, are medications used to control or prevent seizures. They are used in dogs and cats with epilepsy or other conditions that cause seizures. to minimize the risk of further seizures.

In addition, supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. care may be required, including intravenous fluid administration to maintain fluid balance and electrolyte balanceThe electrolyte balance refers to the balance of electrolytes in the body, which is essential for many physiological processes. Disturbances in the electrolyte balance can lead to serious health problems.. Pain relievers and medications to support cardiovascular function may also be required.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with TBE varies depending on the severity of the infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. and the response to treatment. In mild cases, the dog can recover completely, while in severe cases neurological damage may remain or the disease can be fatal.

Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. Dogs that respond quickly to treatment have a better chance of recovering completely. However, long-term neurological deficits may persist in some dogs.

Prevention

The best preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. against TBE in dogs is to avoid tick bites. This can be achieved by using tick repellents and regularly checking the dog for ticks, especially after walks in wooded areas.

There is currently no approved vaccination against TBE for dogs. Therefore, dog owners should be particularly vigilant to minimize the risk of infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease.. Regular veterinary check-ups and good tick prophylaxisProphylaxis refers to preventive measures taken to avoid diseases or health problems. In veterinary medicine, this can include vaccinations, regular deworming, and other preventive treatments. are crucial.

For more information on TBE in dogs, you can visit the Nobivac TBE Factsheet, which provides comprehensive information about the disease.

Outlook on current research

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection caused by the TBE virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants., which is mainly transmitted through tick bites. While this disease is well documented in humans, research on TBE in dogs is still in its early stages. Previous studies suggest that while dogs can become infected, they are less likely to show clinical symptoms than humans. One reason for this could be the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. of dogs, which may react differently to the virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants..

Current research projects focus on better understanding the pathogenesisPathogenesis describes the process of the origin and development of a disease, including the mechanisms that lead to the disease's symptoms and signs. of TBE in dogs. Scientists are investigating how the virus affects the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. of dogs and what factors could increase susceptibility in them. A better understanding of the immune responseAn immune response is the immune system's reaction to foreign substances (antigens), such as microorganisms or proteins. It involves a series of processes aimed at recognizing, fighting, and eliminating these antigens. of dogs to the TBE virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. could also help to develop new therapeutic approaches.

Another area of research is the development of vaccines for dogs. While vaccines already exist for humans, these are not yet available for dogs. Researchers are working to develop a safe and effective vaccineA vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens without causing the disease itself. Vaccines may contain weakened or inactivated pathogens, toxoids, or recombinant antigens. specifically for dogs to provide better protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment. against TBE.

There are also studies that deal with the spread of the TBE virus in different regions. These epidemiological investigations help to determine where dogs are at higher risk and thus support the development of preventive measures. Tick monitoring and mapping of risk areas are crucial to inform both veterinarians and dog owners about the dangers and to develop protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment. strategies.

In summary, research on TBE in dogs is a dynamic and growing field. There is an urgent need for further studies to better understand the risk to dogs and to develop effective preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative approaches, scientists hope to make significant progress in the near future.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is tick-borne encephalitisEncephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, often caused by viral infections, which can lead to symptoms such as Fever, headaches, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures or impaired consciousness. (TBE) in dogs? TBE is a viral disease caused by the TBE virus and is mainly transmitted through tick bites. In dogs, it can affect the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. and lead to neurological symptoms.
Can dogs get TBE? Yes, dogs can become infected with the TBE virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.. However, they are less likely to show clinical symptoms than humans. If symptoms do occur, they can be neurological in nature, such as lethargy, fever, and in severe cases convulsions.
How is TBE diagnosed in dogs? The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of TBE in dogs is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, the medical history, and special laboratory tests that can detect the TBE virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. in the blood or cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber and is involved in regulating the chemical environment of the CNS (central nervous system)..
Is there a treatment for TBE in dogs? There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for TBE in dogs. TherapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the animal while the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. fights the virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.. In severe cases, intensive care may be required.
How can I protect my dog from TBE? To protect your dog from TBE, you should avoid tick bites. This includes regularly checking the coat for ticks, using tick repellents, and avoiding walks in known tick areas during the peak season.
Can I have my dog vaccinated against TBE? There is currently no approved vaccineA vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens without causing the disease itself. Vaccines may contain weakened or inactivated pathogens, toxoids, or recombinant antigens. against TBE for dogs. However, research is underway to develop a vaccineA vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens without causing the disease itself. Vaccines may contain weakened or inactivated pathogens, toxoids, or recombinant antigens. that may be available in the future.
Which regions are particularly risky for TBE in dogs? TBE is endemic in certain regions of Europe and Asia. Areas with a high tick populationIn veterinary medicine, the term population refers to a group of animals of a particular species living in a specific geographic area or environment. and known cases of TBE in humans are also risky for dogs.
Can humans be infected by infected dogs? Humans cannot be directly infected by dogs. The main source of transmission for humans is tick bites. However, it is important to treat infected dogs to protect their health.
What symptoms should I watch for in my dog? Symptoms of a TBE infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. in dogs can include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, restlessness, convulsions, or behavioral changes. If you suspect TBE, you should seek veterinary attention immediately.
What should I do if I find a tick on my dog? Remove the tick as soon as possible with a special tick remover. Be careful not to leave the tick’s head in the dog. Disinfect the area and watch your dog for symptoms. If you have any concerns, consult a veterinarian.