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Splenic Torsion (Twisted Spleen) in Dogs

Occurrence: rarer
Location of illness: Abdomen/pelvis

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.11.2025

Splenic torsion in dogs refers to the rotation of the spleen around its vascular axis, which leads to an interruption of the blood supply and a disruption of spleen function.

The most important facts at a glance

Splenic torsion in dogs is a condition in which the spleen rotates around its own axis, which can impair blood supply. This problem often occurs in large dog breeds with deep chests, such as Great Danes and Dobermans. Although the exact cause is not always clear, genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., structural abnormalities, and excessive mobility of the spleen may play a role. Splenic torsion can occur in isolation or in conjunction with gastric torsion. Symptoms include loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, restlessness and pallor of the mucous membranes. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made by clinical examination, X-rays and ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow.. Treatment usually requires surgery to untwist or remove the spleen. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is good with early treatment, but can worsen with complications such as tissue damage. Preventive measures include avoiding large amounts of food and excessive activity after meals. Research focuses on genetic factors, preventive strategies, and advanced diagnostic methods. Modern imaging techniques and minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. surgical techniques are being developed to improve diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and shorten recovery time. A multidisciplinary approach could significantly improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. of dogs with splenic torsion.

Causes

The spleen is an important organ in the dog’s immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. and plays a central role in the production and breakdown of blood cells, as well as the storage of blood. Anatomically, it is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. and is connected to the stomach and abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. wall by ligaments. These ligaments allow a certain amount of mobility, but excessive movement or looseness can lead to torsion.

Splenic torsion often occurs in conjunction with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), but can also occur in isolation. Large dog breeds with deep chests, such as Great Danes, Setters, or Dobermans, are particularly at risk. The exact cause of splenic torsion is not always clear, but predisposing factors such as genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., structural abnormalities, or excessive mobility of the spleen may play a role.

Another factor can be the excessive filling of the spleen with blood (splenomegaly), which is caused by various diseases or conditions such as infections, inflammatory conditions, or tumors. This enlarged spleen is more susceptible to torsion. There is also evidence that certain behaviors, such as excessive romping or eating large amounts of food, can increase the risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

Cardiovascular Collapse

The symptoms of splenic torsion can vary depending on the severity and duration of the torsion. In the early stages, the dog may show nonspecific signs such as malaise, loss of appetite, or lethargy. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as vomiting, abdominalThe term “abdominal” refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, pallor of the mucous membranes, and an accelerated heartbeat often occur.

Since the spleen plays a role in the circulatory system, torsion can lead to circulatory problems, which can manifest as a weak pulse and collapse of the dog. Other signs may include an enlarged, palpable spleen and a bloated abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen.. In severe cases, shock may occur, which is life-threatening without immediate treatment.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of splenic torsion is made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging procedures, and, if necessary, laboratory tests. During the physical examination, the veterinarian may find an enlarged spleen or signs of shock. X-rays and ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examinations are helpful tools to determine the location of the spleen and the extent of the torsion.

Additional diagnostic measures may include blood tests to assess the dog’s general health and detect signs of impaired organ function. In some cases, emergency exploratory surgery may be necessary to confirm the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and initiate treatment at the same time.

Therapy

Treatment of splenic torsion usually requires surgery to untwist the twisted spleen or, in more severe cases, to remove it. Before surgery, the dog is often stabilized by receiving intravenous fluids and, if necessary, medication to support circulation.

Surgical treatment may involve splenectomy, in which the spleen is completely removed, as a recanalized but damaged spleen can cause long-term problems. This surgery is performed under general anesthesiaGeneral anesthesia is a medical procedure that induces unconsciousness and eliminates pain during surgical procedures. It involves the use of anesthetics to temporarily shut down the body's overall perception. and usually requires a hospital stay of several days to monitor and recover the dog.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with splenic torsion depends on various factors, including the severity of the torsion, the presence of complications, and how quickly treatment is initiated. With early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is generally good, with many dogs making a full recovery.

However, complications such as shock or tissue damage due to prolonged interruption of blood supply can worsen the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. Successful surgery and good postoperative care are crucial for the dog’s recovery and long-term well-being.

Prevention

PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of splenic torsion is difficult because the exact causes are not fully understood. However, some measures can reduce the risk. These include avoiding large amounts of food at once and maintaining a rest period after meals to avoid excessive physical activity.

In dogs that are considered genetically predisposed, prophylactic surgical fixation of the spleen may be considered to reduce the risk of torsion. Regular veterinary examinations and good observation of the dog for early signs of discomfort can also help enable rapid diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment.

Further information on this topic can be found in the [literature](https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/de/klinik-fuer-kleintiere/).

Outlook on current research

Splenic torsion in dogs is a condition in which the spleen twists, which can impair the blood supply to the organ. This disease is particularly common in large dog breeds, such as Great Danes and Irish Wolfhounds. Research on splenic torsion has made progress in recent years, particularly with regard to early detection and the risk factors that can contribute to this condition.

An important area of research focuses on the genetic factors that could increase the risk of splenic torsion. Scientists are investigating whether certain genetic markers can be identified in dogs that are more susceptible to this condition. This could help in the future to develop breeding programs that reduce the risk of splenic torsions.

Another area of research concerns preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies. Researchers are investigating whether certain dietary habits or physical activities could influence the risk of splenic torsion. For example, it is being investigated whether feeding several small meals throughout the day instead of one large meal could play a role in preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring..

In addition, there are advances in diagnostic imagingDiagnostic imaging includes medical procedures that create images of the inside of the body to diagnose, monitor, or treat diseases and injuries. Examples include X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). that make it easier for veterinarians to detect splenic torsion early. Modern ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. devices and CT scans can help detect subtle changes in the spleen before serious symptoms occur. These technological advances are particularly important because rapid diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is crucial for successful treatment.

Research on the treatment of splenic torsion also focuses on the surgical techniques used to treat this condition. New minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. surgical techniques are being developed to shorten recovery time and reduce the risk of complications. Laparoscopic techniques, which use small incisions to untwist the spleen, are promising and could become the standard treatment in the future.

Overall, current research shows that a multidisciplinary approach that includes geneticsGenetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. It studies how genetic information is passed from generation to generation and how it influences the development, appearance, and behavior of living things., preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring., diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients., and treatment has the potential to significantly improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for dogs with splenic torsion. While much work remains to be done to fully understand the causes and most effective intervention strategies, the advances of recent years give cause for hope.

Another promising area of research is the investigation of the role of the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. in splenic torsion. Scientists are trying to understand how immune responses might influence the development or exacerbation of the disease. These findings could open up new therapeutic approaches to reduce the risk of complications.

The exploration of biomarkers that can be detected in the blood or urine to diagnose splenic torsion early is also an exciting area. Such biomarkers could one day enable regular blood tests that help veterinarians detect the risk of splenic torsion in certain dogs early.

Interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinary physicians, geneticists, and nutritionists is considered crucial to gain a more comprehensive understanding of splenic torsion. This collaboration could generate new insights and accelerate the development of innovative solutions.

In summary, research on splenic torsion in dogs has entered an exciting phase. With advancing technology and a better understanding of genetic and immunological mechanisms, significant advances could be made in the near future that could improve the lives of many dogs.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is splenic torsion in dogs? Splenic torsion is a condition in which a dog’s spleen twists, which can impair blood supply and lead to a number of health problems.
What are the symptoms of splenic torsion? Common symptoms include sudden abdominal pain, vomiting, weakness, rapid heartbeat, and pallor of the gums. A veterinarian should be consulted immediately if splenic torsion is suspected.
What are the causes of splenic torsion? The exact causes are not fully understood, but large and deep-chested dog breeds are at higher risk. Possible factors include genetic predispositions, physical activity after a large meal, and anatomical abnormalities.
How is splenic torsion diagnosed? DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is usually made through a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination, and imaging procedures such as X-rays or ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow..
What treatment options are there? The primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. treatment is surgical intervention to untwist the spleen and, if necessary, remove it. Rapid treatment is crucial to avoid complications.
Can splenic torsion be prevented? While there is no guaranteed method of preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring., feeding smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding strenuous physical activity after feeding may reduce the risk.
Which dogs are most at risk? Large and deep-chested dog breeds such as Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, and Dobermans are most at risk of developing splenic torsion.
What is the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. after splenic torsion? The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends on the speed of diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment. With rapid intervention, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is usually good, but the condition can be fatal if left untreated.
Are there long-term consequences after treatment? After successful treatment and removal of the spleen, dogs can usually lead a normal life. However, an adjustment of diet and lifestyle may be necessary.
What does the treatment of splenic torsion cost? The costs can vary greatly depending on the severity of the disease, the required treatment, and the hospital. A surgery can cost several thousand Euros, including aftercare.