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Splenic Torsion (Twisted Spleen) in Dogs

Occurrence: rarer
Location of disease: Abdomen/pelvis

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 17.02.2026

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Definition

Splenic torsion in dogs refers to the rotation of the spleen around its vascular axis, which leads to an interruption of the blood supply and a disruption of spleen function.

The most important facts at a glance

Splenic torsion in dogs is a condition in which the spleen rotates around its own axis, which can impair blood supply. This problem often occurs in large, deep-chested dog breeds such as Great Danes and Dobermans. Although the exact cause is not always clear, genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., structural abnormalities, and excessive mobility of the spleen may play a role. Splenic torsion can occur on its own or in connection with gastric torsion. Symptoms include loss of appetite, Vomiting, AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, Restlessness, and pale mucous membranes. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made through clinical examinations, X-rays, and ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow.. Treatment usually requires surgery to untwist or remove the spleen. With early treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is good, but it can worsen with complications such as tissue damage. Preventive measures include avoiding large amounts of food and excessive activity after meals. Research focuses on genetic factors, preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies, and advanced diagnostic methods. Modern imaging and minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. surgical techniques are being developed to improve diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and shorten recovery time. A multidisciplinary approach could significantly improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for dogs with splenic torsion.

Causes

The spleen is an important organ in the dog’s immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. and plays a central role in producing and breaking down blood cells, as well as storing blood. Anatomically, it is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. and is connected to the stomach and the abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. wall by ligaments. These ligaments allow some mobility, but excessive movement or laxity can lead to torsion.

Splenic torsion often occurs in connection with gastric torsion (gastric dilatation-volvulus, GDV), but it can also occur on its own. Large dog breeds with deep chests, such as Great Danes, Setters, or Dobermans, are particularly at risk. The exact cause of splenic torsion is not always clear, but predisposing factors such as genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., structural abnormalities, or excessive mobility of the spleen may play a role.

Another factor can be excessive filling of the spleen with blood (splenomegaly), which is caused by various diseases or conditions such as infections, Inflammatory conditions, or Tumors. This enlarged spleen is more prone to torsion. There is also evidence that certain behaviors, such as excessive roughhousing or eating large amounts of food, may increase the risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

Cardiovascular Collapse

Symptoms of splenic torsion can vary depending on the severity and duration of the torsion. In the early stages, the dog may show non-specific signs such as malaise, loss of appetite, or lethargy. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as Vomiting, AbdominalThe term “abdominal” refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, Pallor of the mucous membranes, and a rapid heartbeat are common.

Because the spleen plays a role in blood circulation, torsion can lead to circulatory problems, which may present as a weak pulse and collapse. Other signs may include an enlarged, palpable spleen and a distended abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen.. In severe cases, shock can occur, which is life-threatening without immediate treatment.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of splenic torsion is made using a combination of clinical examination, imaging, and, if necessary, laboratory tests. During the physical exam, the veterinarian may detect an enlarged spleen or signs of shock. X-rays and ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examinations are helpful tools for determining the spleen’s position and the extent of the torsion.

Additional diagnostic measures may include blood tests to assess the dog’s overall health and identify signs of impaired organ function. In some cases, emergency exploratory surgery may be required to confirm the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. while starting treatment at the same time.

Therapy

Treating splenic torsion usually requires surgery to untwist the spleen or, in more severe cases, remove it. Before surgery, the dog is often stabilized with intravenous fluids and, if necessary, medications to support circulation.

Surgical treatment may include a splenectomy, in which the spleen is completely removed, as a reperfused but damaged spleen can cause long-term problems. This surgery is performed under general anesthesiaGeneral anesthesia is a medical procedure that induces unconsciousness and eliminates pain during surgical procedures. It involves the use of anesthetics to temporarily shut down the body's overall perception. and usually requires a hospital stay of several days to monitor the dog and support recovery.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with splenic torsion depends on several factors, including the severity of the torsion, the presence of complications, and how quickly treatment is started. With early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is usually good, and many dogs recover fully.

However, complications such as shock or tissue damage due to a prolonged interruption of blood supply can worsen the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. Successful surgery and good postoperativePostoperative refers to the time after a surgical operation. This phase includes recovery and the management of possible complications after the procedure. care are crucial for recovery and the dog’s long-term well-being.

Prevention

PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of splenic torsion is difficult because the exact causes are not fully understood. However, some measures can reduce the risk. These include avoiding large amounts of food at once and keeping a rest period after meals to prevent excessive physical activity.

In dogs considered genetically predisposed, prophylactic surgical fixation of the spleen may be considered to reduce the risk of torsion. Regular veterinary check-ups and close monitoring for early signs of malaise can also help ensure rapid diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment.

Further information on this topic can be found in the [literature](https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/de/klinik-fuer-kleintiere/).

Outlook on current research

Splenic torsion in dogs is a condition in which the spleen twists, which can impair the organ’s blood supply. This disease is especially common in large dog breeds such as Great Danes and Irish Wolfhounds. Research into splenic torsion has made progress in recent years, particularly regarding early detection and the risk factors that may contribute to this condition.

One important area of research focuses on genetic factors that could increase the risk of splenic torsion. Scientists are investigating whether certain genetic markers can be identified in dogs that are more susceptible to this condition. In the future, this could help develop breeding programs that reduce the risk of splenic torsion.

Another area of research involves preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies. Researchers are examining whether certain dietary habits or physical activities could influence the risk of splenic torsion. For example, they are investigating whether feeding several small meals throughout the day instead of one large meal could play a role in preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring..

In addition, advances in diagnostic imagingDiagnostic imaging includes medical procedures that create images of the inside of the body to diagnose, monitor, or treat diseases and injuries. Examples include X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). are making it easier for veterinarians to detect splenic torsion early. Modern ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. machines and CT scans can help detect subtle changes in the spleen before severe symptoms occur. These technological advances are particularly important because rapid diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is crucial for successful treatment.

Research into treating splenic torsion also focuses on the surgical techniques used to manage this condition. New minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. surgical techniques are being developed to shorten recovery time and reduce the risk of complications. Laparoscopic techniques, which use small incisions to untwist the spleen, are promising and could become the standard treatment in the future.

Overall, current research shows that a multidisciplinary approach that includes geneticsGenetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. It studies how genetic information is passed from generation to generation and how it influences the development, appearance, and behavior of living things., preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring., diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients., and treatment has the potential to significantly improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for dogs with splenic torsion. While much work is still needed to fully understand the causes and the most effective intervention strategies, the progress of recent years offers reason for hope.

Another promising area of research is investigating the role of the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. in splenic torsion. Scientists are trying to understand how immune responses could influence the development or worsening of the condition. These findings could open up new therapeutic approaches to reduce the risk of complications.

Research into biomarkers that can be detected in blood or urine to diagnose splenic torsion early is also an exciting field. Such biomarkers could one day enable regular blood tests that help veterinarians identify the risk of splenic torsion early in certain dogs.

Interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinarians, geneticists, and nutrition scientists is considered crucial to gaining a more comprehensive understanding of splenic torsion. This collaboration could yield new insights and accelerate the development of innovative solutions.

In summary, research into splenic torsion in dogs has entered an exciting phase. With advancing technology and a better understanding of genetic and immunological mechanisms, significant progress could be made in the near future that could improve the lives of many dogs.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is splenic torsion in dogs?

Splenic torsion is a condition in which a dog's spleen twists, which can impair blood supply and lead to a number of health problems. -

What are the symptoms of splenic torsion?

Common symptoms include sudden Abdominal pain, Vomiting, weakness, a rapid heartbeat, and Pallor of the gums. If splenic torsion is suspected, consult a veterinarian immediately. -

What are the causes of splenic torsion?

The exact causes are not fully understood, but large, deep-chested dog breeds are at higher risk. Possible factors include genetic predisposition, physical activity after a large meal, and anatomical abnormalities. -

How is splenic torsion diagnosed?

Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination, and imaging procedures such as X-rays or ultrasound. -

What treatment options are there?

The primary treatment is surgical intervention to untwist the spleen and, if necessary, remove it. Rapid treatment is crucial to avoid complications. -

Can splenic torsion be prevented?

While there is no guaranteed method of prevention, feeding smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding strenuous physical activity after feeding may reduce the risk. -

Which dogs are most at risk?

Large and deep-chested dog breeds such as Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, and Dobermans are most at risk of developing splenic torsion. -

What is the prognosis after splenic torsion?

The prognosis depends on how quickly diagnosis and treatment occur. With rapid intervention, the prognosis is usually good, but untreated the condition can be fatal. -

Are there long-term consequences after treatment?

After successful treatment and removal of the spleen, dogs can usually live a normal life. However, adjustments to diet and lifestyle may be necessary. -

What does the treatment of splenic torsion cost?

Costs can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition, the treatment required, and the hospital. Surgery can cost several thousand euros, including follow-up care.