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Pericarditis (Inflammation of the Pericardium) in Dogs

Occurrence: rarer
Location of illness: Chest

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.11.2025

Pericarditis is an inflammatory condition of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis., which surrounds the heart. In dogs, this inflammation can impair the normal function of the heart and lead to serious health problems.

BASICS/CAUSES:

The pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis., also called the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac, is a thin, two-layered membrane that surrounds the heart. It contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant to minimize friction between the heart and surrounding tissues during heart movements. Inflammation of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis. can lead to a buildup of fluid, which increases the pressure on the heart and restricts its function.

Pericarditis in dogs can be caused by various factors. One of the most common causes is an infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. caused by viruses, bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease., or fungi. Systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells or tissues as if they were foreign substances. Examples in dogs and cats include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus., in which the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. attacks its own tissues, can also triggerA trigger is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction or state. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to emotional responses, such as fear or aggression, or medical conditions, such as seizures in dogs and cats. pericarditis. Furthermore, an injury or traumaA trauma refers to a physical injury or damage caused by external force. Traumas can range from simple cuts to severe multiple injuries. to the chest can lead to inflammation of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis..

Another cause of pericarditis is the idiopathicIdiopathic refers to a condition or disease for which the cause is unknown. It is used when no clear external cause or underlying disease can be identified as an explanation for the symptoms. form, where no clear cause can be identified. In some cases, cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas., especially Tumors in the chest area, can also cause inflammation of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis.. MetastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. that have spread from other parts of the body can also play a role.

The most important facts at a glance

Pericarditis in dogs is an inflammation of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis. that can be caused by infections, traumaA trauma refers to a physical injury or damage caused by external force. Traumas can range from simple cuts to severe multiple injuries., Tumors, or autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells or tissues as if they were foreign substances. Examples in dogs and cats include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus.. Common symptoms include loss of appetite, weakness, fluid accumulation in the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen., RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress, weak pulse, and increased heart rate. Fever occurs less frequently. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. begins with a clinical examination and medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., followed by imaging procedures such as X-rays and ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. to detect fluid accumulation. PericardiocentesisPericardiocentesis is a procedure in which fluid that has accumulated in the pericardial space, the area between the heart and the surrounding pericardium, is drained with a needle. This procedure is performed to reduce pressure on the heart and can be life-saving in conditions such as a pericardial effusion. can be performed to determine the cause of the inflammation. Treatment depends on the cause: antibiotics for bacterial infections, antifungals for fungal infections, and anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. for autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells or tissues as if they were foreign substances. Examples in dogs and cats include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus.. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies depending on the cause and severity of the disease; with timely treatment, it is often good. PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is difficult, but regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and avoiding injuries help reduce the risk. Research focuses on new treatment methods and understanding genetic factors. Advances in diagnostic technology and minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. procedures improve treatment options.

Causes

Infections (bacterial, viralViral refers to viruses and their effects on the organism. Viral infections in dogs and cats can range from harmless colds to severe, life-threatening diseases., fungal)
Trauma
Tumors
Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells or tissues as if they were foreign substances. Examples in dogs and cats include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

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Rare symptoms:

Fever

The symptoms of pericarditis in dogs can vary and often depend on the severity of the disease. One of the most common symptoms is RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress, as the fluid accumulation in the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac can reduce the space in the chest and impair lung function.

Dogs with pericarditis may also show signs of Lethargy and weakness because the heart can no longer pump blood efficiently. In severe cases, fainting spells can occur. Another possible symptom is loss of appetite, as Pain and discomfort can affect eating behavior.

An enlarged abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. is also a possible sign, as fluid in the abdominalThe term “abdominal” refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. cavity (ascitesAscites refers to the accumulation of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can lead to visible abdominal distension. It can be caused by various diseases, including liver disease, cancer, or heart failure.) can be a symptom of Heart failure caused by pericarditis. Cough and unusual heart sounds detected during the examination are further indicators of this health problem.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of pericarditis usually begins with a thorough clinical examination, in which the veterinarian looks for specific signs, such as heart murmurs or RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress. A detailed medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., in which previous illnesses, injuries, or symptoms are discussed, is also of great importance.

Imaging procedures such as chest X-rays can help assess the size and shape of the heart and detect fluid accumulation in the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. space. An ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. of the heart (echocardiographyEchocardiography is an ultrasound examination of the heart that assesses the structure and function of the heart valves and chambers. It can provide information about heart size, pumping function, and the presence of heart disease.) is particularly useful to determine the exact amount of fluid in the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac and to assess how well the heart is functioning.

In some cases, pericardiocentesis may be necessary, a procedure in which fluid is removed from the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac to determine the exact cause of the inflammation. This fluid can then be examined in the laboratory for bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease., fungi, or cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas. cells. Blood tests can also be performed to detect signs of infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. or systemic diseases.

Therapy

The treatment of pericarditis depends on the underlying cause of the inflammation. For bacterial infections, antibiotics are usually prescribed to fight the bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease.. If a fungal infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. is present, antifungals may be required.

In cases where a large amount of fluid fills the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis. and impairs the heartbeat, pericardiocentesisPericardiocentesis is a procedure in which fluid that has accumulated in the pericardial space, the area between the heart and the surrounding pericardium, is drained with a needle. This procedure is performed to reduce pressure on the heart and can be life-saving in conditions such as a pericardial effusion. can be performed to drain the fluid and reduce the pressure on the heart. This can quickly improve symptoms and increase the quality of life of the affected dog.

Anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. such as corticosteroidsCorticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that occur naturally in the body and can also be produced synthetically. They have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and are used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of conditions. may also be prescribed to reduce inflammation, especially if the cause is autoimmune in nature. In severe cases, especially if a Tumor is the cause, surgical removal of the TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. or even a pericardectomy (removal of part of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis.) may be considered.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with pericarditis varies greatly and depends on the cause and severity of the disease. With timely and appropriate treatment, many dogs have a good prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. and can recover completely, especially if the cause is infectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. in nature and is successfully treated.

In idiopathicIdiopathic refers to a condition or disease for which the cause is unknown. It is used when no clear external cause or underlying disease can be identified as an explanation for the symptoms. pericarditis, where no specific cause is found, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. can also be good, especially if the symptoms can be relieved by fluid removal and anti-inflammation. However, in the case of cancer, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is often more cautious, as treatment options are limited and the disease can progress.

Regular follow-up examinations are important to monitor the response to treatment and to detect possible complications early. The dog’s quality of life should always be the priority.

Prevention

The preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of pericarditis is not always possible, as many causes are beyond the owner’s control. However, there are some measures that can help reduce the risk of inflammation of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis..

Regular veterinary check-ups can help detect and treat health problems early before they lead to more serious conditions such as pericarditis. A balanced diet and sufficient exercise promote the dog’s general health and can strengthen the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body..

Avoiding injuries and promptly treating infections can also help reduce the risk of pericarditis. In the case of known genetic predispositions to heart problems, genetic counseling can be considered to better assess the risk and take appropriate precautions.

Outlook on current research

Current research on pericarditis in dogs focuses on better identifying and managing the underlying causes. One of the main causes of pericarditis is infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease., which can be caused by bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease. or viruses. Researchers are therefore specifically investigating antiviral and antibacterial treatments to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of new drugs. Another focus is on improving imaging techniques for the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of pericarditis. Advances in ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. technology allow veterinarians to obtain more detailed images of the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac, leading to more accurate diagnoses.

Research is also being conducted on genetic factors that may influence a dog’s susceptibility to pericarditis. By studying genetic markers, researchers hope to identify risk factors early in order to develop preventive measures. In addition, there are ongoing studies on new surgical techniques and minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. procedures that can be used to treat severe cases of pericarditis. These techniques aim to shorten recovery times and minimize complications.

Another emerging area of research is immunotherapy. Scientists are investigating how the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. of dogs plays a role in the development of pericarditis, especially in autoimmune forms of the disease. By understanding these processes, new therapies can be developed that modulate the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. to reduce inflammation and slow the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of the disease. Finally, there are also efforts to understand the impact of environmental factors on the development of pericarditis, including exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. to toxins and the role of nutrition in maintaining heart health.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is pericarditis in dogs? Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardiumThe pericardium is the sac around the heart, a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart, protecting it from infection and facilitating its movement within the thorax / chest. Inflammatory conditions of the pericardium can lead to diseases such as pericarditis., which surrounds the heart. It can be caused by infections, injuries, or other diseases and often leads to fluid accumulation in the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac.

What symptoms does a dog with pericarditis show? The most common symptoms include RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress, weakness, loss of appetite, and, in severe cases, a bloated abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. due to fluid accumulation. Dogs may also show a Cough or Restlessness.

How is pericarditis diagnosed in dogs? The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is usually made through a combination of physical examination, X-rays, ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow., and sometimes EKGs. Specialized blood tests can also help determine the underlying cause.

Can pericarditis be cured in dogs? The cure depends on the cause of the pericarditis. InfectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. causes can be treated with medication, while other forms may require surgical intervention. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies depending on the severity and cause.

What treatment options are available for pericarditis in dogs? Treatments may include the administration of anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain., antibiotics, or antiviral medications. In severe cases, pericardiocentesisPericardiocentesis is a procedure in which fluid that has accumulated in the pericardial space, the area between the heart and the surrounding pericardium, is drained with a needle. This procedure is performed to reduce pressure on the heart and can be life-saving in conditions such as a pericardial effusion. (removal of fluid from the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac) or surgery may be necessary.

How can I reduce the risk of pericarditis in my dog? Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and avoiding injuries can help reduce the risk. It is also important to pay attention to the symptoms of heart problems and see a veterinarian early.

Is pericarditis more common in certain dog breeds? Some studies suggest that certain breeds may be more susceptible to pericarditis, especially large breeds. Genetic factors may play a role, but further research is needed to determine accurate risk factors.

How long does it take to recover from pericarditis in dogs? The recovery time varies depending on the cause and severity of the disease, as well as the treatment. With timely and appropriate treatment, many dogs can recover within a few weeks, while severe cases may require a longer recovery period.

Can dogs with pericarditis live a normal life? Many dogs can live a normal life after successful treatment, especially if the underlying cause can be resolved. However, it may be necessary to monitor the dog’s activity and perform regular veterinary check-ups.

What are the complications of untreated pericarditis in dogs? Untreated pericarditis can lead to serious complications, including Heart failure, due to the persistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. fluid accumulation in the pericardialPericardial refers to anything related to the pericardium, the sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial diseases can affect heart function and often require specialized veterinary care. sac. This can significantly impair heart function and endanger the dog’s life.