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Cobalamin Malabsorption (Insufficient Vitamin B12 Absorption) in Dogs

Occurrence: rarer
Location of illness: Abdomen/pelvis

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.11.2025

Cobalamin malabsorption in dogs is a condition in which the body is unable to efficiently absorb vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 (cobalamin) from food, leading to a deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. of this essential nutrient.

The most important facts at a glance

VitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12, also called cobalamin, is crucial for the metabolism of dogs, especially for the formation of red blood cells and the function of the nervous system. Dogs absorb B12 in the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. after it has combined with the Intrinsic Factor (IF). Disruptions in this process lead to cobalamin malabsorption. Genetic defects, especially in breeds such as Border Collies, Beagles, and Giant Schnauzers, can impair the formation or function of IF or receptors in the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.. Other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases or exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyInsufficiency refers to the inadequate function or performance of an organ or system. This can include, for example, heart failure, kidney failure, or venous insufficiency.. Symptoms include anemia, weight loss, and muscle weakness. The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on blood tests that can reveal low B12 levels and signs of anemia. Further tests such as the TLI test or an endoscopyEndoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light source and a camera at the end) to examine and visualize the inside of the body, often for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. may be required. Treatment is usually done with B12 injections to correct the deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones.. Lifelong treatment is necessary for genetic causes. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is good if treatment is given in time, whereby the quality of life is maintained through appropriate therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions.. PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is difficult, but genetic tests can help reduce the risk in breeding. Research focuses on genetic causes and the improvement of diagnostic and treatment methods to enable affected dogs to have a better quality of life.

Causes

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. that plays a crucial role in metabolism, especially in the formation of red blood cells and the function of the nervous system. The body cannot produce cobalamin itself, which is why it must be obtained through food. In dogs, vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 is mainly absorbed in the last section of the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients., the ileum.

For vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 to be absorbed from food, it must first bind in the stomach to a proteinProteins are large molecules made up of amino acids and play an essential role in almost all biological processes. They are necessary for building body tissue, the function of the immune system, and as enzymes for metabolic reactions. called Intrinsic Factor (IF), which is produced by the pancreasThe pancreas is an organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin. It plays an important role in digestion and blood sugar regulation.. This complex of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 and Intrinsic Factor then migrates to the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients., where it binds to specific receptors and is absorbed. Disruptions in this process can lead to inadequate absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream..

The most common causes of cobalamin malabsorption in dogs are genetically determined defects that impair the formation or function of Intrinsic Factor or the receptors in the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.. In particular, breeds such as the Border Collie, Beagle, and Giant Schnauzer are genetically predisposed. Other causes may include inflammatory bowel disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyInsufficiency refers to the inadequate function or performance of an organ or system. This can include, for example, heart failure, kidney failure, or venous insufficiency., or bacterial overgrowth in the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients..

A genetic defectA genetic defect is an abnormality or mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene that can lead to a malfunction or absence of a protein. Genetic defects can cause various genetic diseases and conditions. can lead to the Intrinsic Factor either not being formed at all or in insufficient quantities. Likewise, the receptors in the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. could be defective or missing, which prevents the binding and absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12. In addition, inflammatory processes can damage the small intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. so severely that the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. capacity of the intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. is reduced.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of cobalamin deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. in dogs can vary and are often non-specific, which can make diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. difficult. The most common signs include general weakness and lethargy. Dogs with this condition often appear tired and have little energy, which can manifest as a reduced interest in exercise and play.

Other common symptoms include loss of appetite and weight loss. Since vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 plays an important role in metabolism, dogs with a deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. may have difficulty digesting and utilizing food properly, which can lead to weight loss despite normal or even increased food consumption.

GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms are also common and can include diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems. or vomiting. These symptoms occur because a deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 disrupts the normal function of the digestive system. In some cases, neurological symptoms such as balance disorders or behavioral changes may also occur, as vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 is crucial for the health of the nervous system.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of cobalamin malabsorption in dogs usually begins with a thorough clinical examination and a detailed medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits. to identify possible symptoms and risk factors. However, due to the non-specific symptoms, it can be difficult to make a clear diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. based on the medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits. alone.

Blood tests are an essential part of the diagnostics. A low vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 level in the blood serumBlood serum is the liquid component of blood that remains after coagulation, when blood plasma is separated from platelets and coagulation factors. It contains antibody and other proteins that are important for the immune response. is a direct indicator of a deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones.. In addition, blood tests can indicate signs of anemia or other changes that are related to a vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones..

In some cases, further tests may be necessary to determine the exact cause of the malabsorption. These may include tests to check pancreatic function, such as the Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity (TLI) test, to rule out exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyInsufficiency refers to the inadequate function or performance of an organ or system. This can include, for example, heart failure, kidney failure, or venous insufficiency.. An examination for bacterial overgrowth in the small intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. or an endoscopyEndoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light source and a camera at the end) to examine and visualize the inside of the body, often for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. to assess the intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. could also be considered.

Therapy

The treatment of cobalamin malabsorption aims to restore the vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 levels in the body and treat the underlying cause of the malabsorption. The most common and effective method for treating a vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. is the direct administration of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12, usually in the form of injections. These bypass the digestive tract and ensure that the vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. enters the bloodstream directly.

Typically, weekly injections are initially administered until the vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 level is normalized. Subsequently, the injections can be continued at a longer interval, for example, monthly, to maintain the level. In some cases, oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 supplements can also be used, although their effectiveness in dogs with malabsorption problems may vary.

If an underlying condition such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyInsufficiency refers to the inadequate function or performance of an organ or system. This can include, for example, heart failure, kidney failure, or venous insufficiency. or inflammatory bowel disease is identified, it must also be treated accordingly. Treatment may include enzyme replacement therapies, special diets, or anti-inflammatory medications.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with cobalamin malabsorption depends heavily on the underlying cause and the timely diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment. In many cases, adequate substitution therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. with vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 can completely resolve the symptoms and restore a normal quality of life.

In the case of genetic causes, lifelong administration of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 is necessary, but most affected dogs respond well to the treatment. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is generally good if there are no other serious health problems.

For dogs with an underlying condition such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiencyInsufficiency refers to the inadequate function or performance of an organ or system. This can include, for example, heart failure, kidney failure, or venous insufficiency. or inflammatory bowel disease, the prognosis depends on the severity of the condition and the response to treatment. Close cooperation with the veterinarian is crucial to adjust the treatment and monitor the dog’s health.

Prevention

Since genetic factors play a significant role in cobalamin malabsorption, it is difficult to completely prevent the disease. One way to prevent it is to pay attention to the genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. in breeding. Responsible breeding practices that include genetic testing for predispositions to this disease can help reduce the risk in certain breeds.

For dogs that already have a predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. or have been diagnosed with cobalamin malabsorption, close monitoring and regular veterinary check-ups are important to keep an eye on vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 levels. A balanced diet that meets the dog’s nutritional needs can also contribute to general health preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring..

Although direct preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is difficult, serious health consequences can be avoided through early detection and treatment. Owners should pay attention to the symptoms described and seek veterinary advice immediately if a vitamin B12 deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. is suspected.

Outlook on current research

Cobalamin malabsorption in dogs is a genetically determined disorder that impairs the dog’s ability to absorb vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 (cobalamin) from food. This disease is often observed in certain breeds such as the Border Collie, Beagle, and the Giant Schnauzer. Current research focuses on the genetic causes of this disease as well as on the development of new diagnostic and treatment methods.

A significant advance in research is the identification of specific genetic mutations that lead to this malabsorption. Scientists are using modern genetic sequencing techniques to determine the exact genes that are responsible for the proper absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of vitamin B12. These findings help veterinarians develop genetic tests that allow early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. before the symptoms become severe.

Another area of research is concerned with improving therapeutic approaches. Researchers are currently investigating the effectiveness of various forms of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 supplementationSupplementation is the addition of nutrients, vitamins, or other substances to a normal diet to compensate for deficiencies or to support general health and well-being. In dogs and cats, supplementation may vary depending on their health condition and nutritional needs., including oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. and injectable preparations. The goal is to find the most appropriate treatment that effectively increases the cobalamin level in the blood of affected dogs and alleviates the symptoms of the disease.

Work is also being done on the development of dietary supplements that are specifically formulated to improve the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12. Some studies have shown that certain probiotic preparations can support the health of the digestive system and improve the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of nutrients, including cobalamin.

Long-term studies are underway to investigate the effects of early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment on the quality of life and life expectancy of affected dogs. These studies are crucial to determine how effective current treatment methods are and whether there are better alternatives.

A promising area of research is also the investigation of environmental and nutritional factors that could influence the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12. Researchers are trying to understand how diet and lifestyle can increase or decrease the risk of developing this disease, which could lead to preventive measures.

In summary, research on cobalamin malabsorption in dogs aims to understand the genetic basis of the disease, improve diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients., and develop more effective treatment strategies. With continuous progress in research, there is hope for a better quality of life and prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for affected dogs.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is Cobalamin Malabsorption in Dogs? Cobalamin malabsorption is a condition in which dogs are unable to effectively absorb vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12 from food. This can lead to a deficiency that causes various health problems.
Which breeds are most commonly affected? Certain dog breeds like Border Collies, Beagles, and Giant Schnauzer are genetically more susceptible to this condition. The genetic disposition plays a significant role in the susceptibility.
What symptoms do affected dogs experience? Symptoms include weight loss, lethargy, anemia, diarrhea, and neurological problems. In young dogs, growth retardation can also be a sign.
How is the disease diagnosed? The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is usually made through blood tests that measure the cobalamin level. Genetic tests can also be performed to determine the predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. for the disease.
How is Cobalamin Malabsorption Treated? The treatment usually involves supplementing vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. B12, either orally or through injections. The exact treatment depends on the severity of the deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones..
Can affected dogs lead a normal life? With the right treatment and regular monitoring, many dogs can live a normal and healthy life. However, early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is crucial.
Are there preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. options for Cobalamin Malabsorption? Since the disease is genetically determined, there are no specific preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. measures. However, a balanced diet and regular veterinary examinations can be helpful.
Are dietary supplements necessary for affected dogs? Yes, dietary supplements are often necessary to increase the cobalamin level in the blood and alleviate the symptoms of the disease.
How often should affected dogs be monitored by a veterinarian? Regular monitoring by the veterinarian is important to control the cobalamin level in the blood and adjust the treatment. The frequency of visits depends on the individual situation.
What are the long-term effects of the disease on dogs? Untreated, cobalamin malabsorption can have serious health consequences, including neurological damage. With early and appropriate treatment, however, the long-term prospects are positive.

When to visit the vet?

If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.