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Skin, mucous membranes, sclera yellowish (jaundice, icterus) in cats

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 17.02.2026

When to visit the vet?

Urgent see a veterinarian within 24 hours

RED for apathy, vomiting, collapse, tendency to bleed, significant abdominal pain, or neurological symptoms (e.g., disorientation, seizures).

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Definition

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a condition in which a cat’s skin, mucous membranes, and scleraThe sclera is the white outer layer of the eyeball that gives the eye shape and stability and protects it from injury. It transitions into the clear cornea at the front. (the whites of the eyes) take on a yellowish tint. This happens due to an excessive accumulation of bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion., a breakdown product of hemoglobinhemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. from red blood cells, in the blood and tissues.

Can Occur with the Following Diseases:

Basics and possible causes

BilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion. is a yellow pigment that is produced when old or damaged red blood cells are broken down. Normally, bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion. is processed in the liver by binding to glucuronic acid and then excreted via the bile. Jaundice occurs when this process is disrupted, leading to a buildup of bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion. in the blood.

The causes of icterus in cats can be divided into three main categories: prehepaticPrehepatic refers to conditions or factors that occur before the liver, in the context of blood flow or metabolic processes that may affect liver function., hepatic, and posthepaticPosthepatic refers to processes or conditions that occur after passage / transit through the liver, often in connection with bile or blood flow.. PrehepaticPrehepatic refers to conditions or factors that occur before the liver, in the context of blood flow or metabolic processes that may affect liver function. icterus occurs when there is excessive destructionDestruction means "demolition." In medicine, it refers to the destruction of cells, tissues, organs, or body parts. The growth of malignant Tumors is also usually accompanied by destruction of the surrounding tissue. of red blood cells, as seen in hemolytic anemia. Hepatic icterus results from a disease of the liver itself, which impairs the normal processing and excretion of bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion.. PosthepaticPosthepatic refers to processes or conditions that occur after passage / transit through the liver, often in connection with bile or blood flow. icterus is caused by a blockage in the bile ducts that obstructs the flow of bile.

Specific causes include infectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. diseases such as FelineFeline refers to anything related to cats. The term is used to describe diseases, behaviors, or anatomical aspects that are specific to cats. InfectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. Peritonitis (FIP), liver diseases like hepatitis or hepatic lipidosis, as well as parasiteA parasite is an organism that lives on or in another living being (the host) and feeds at its expense. Parasites can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans. infestations and toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. substances that can impair liver function. Tumors or bile duct diseases can also disrupt the drainageDrainage refers to the removal of fluid from body cavities, Wounds, or inflamed areas, often using a tube or other device. It is used to prevent infection and promote healing. of bile and lead to posthepaticPosthepatic refers to processes or conditions that occur after passage / transit through the liver, often in connection with bile or blood flow. jaundice.

Typical accompanying symptoms

Loss of appetite: Cats with icterus often show a significant decrease in interest in food, which can lead to weight loss.
Lethargy: Affected cats are often unusually quiet and sleep more than usual, which indicates a general malaise.
Vomiting: Frequent vomiting can be an accompanying symptom that indicates liver disease or impairment of the digestive system.
Altered stool color: Feces may be pale or clay-colored, indicating reduced bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion. excretion.
Increased thirst and frequent urination: These symptoms can occur when liver function is impaired and the electrolyte balanceThe electrolyte balance refers to the balance of electrolytes in the body, which is essential for many physiological processes. Disturbances in the electrolyte balance can lead to serious health problems. is disrupted.
AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain: In some cases, the cat shows signs of discomfort when the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. is touched, which may indicate liver enlargement or biliary tract disease.

When to see a vet?

A veterinarian should be consulted immediately if a cat shows signs of jaundice. Since jaundice can be a symptom of a variety of conditions, a quick and accurate diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is crucial to treat the underlying cause.

It is particularly important to visit the vet immediately if, in addition to jaundice, other severe symptoms such as severe lethargy, repeated vomiting, or signs of abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain occur. These can indicate a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

Symptom recognition for the pet owner and veterinary diagnostic procedure

For the pet owner, the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes is the most obvious sign of icterus. However, it is important to also watch for other symptoms that could indicate an underlying disease.

The veterinarian will first perform a thorough clinical examination and take the cat’s medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits.. Blood tests are crucial to measure bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion. levels and assess the function of the liver and other organs. A complete blood count can help identify signs of hemolytic anemia or other blood disorders.

Additionally, imaging techniques such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions. can be used to examine the liver, bile ducts, and surrounding organs. In some cases, a biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions. of the liver may be required to make an accurate diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..

What the pet owner can do and professional therapy options

As a pet owner, you can take some measures to support your cat’s well-being while waiting for diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment by the vet. Make sure your cat has access to fresh water and try to encourage them to drink to avoid dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse..

Feed your cat easily digestible, high-quality food that does not put additional strain on the liver. If your cat doesn’t want to eat, try offering small, frequent meals or talk to the vet about suitable appetite stimulants.

Avoid using medications or supplements without consulting the vet, as these can further damage the liver. Ensure your cat stays in a quiet environment, as stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. can worsen the symptoms.

Outlook on current research

Current research on jaundice in cats has a strong focus on improving diagnostic methods and developing non-invasive techniques. Scientists are working on refining imaging procedures such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. technology or magnetic resonance imaging to enable faster and more accurate diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. These technologies could help identify and treat the main causes of jaundice, such as liver disease, bile duct obstructions, or hemolytic anemias, more efficiently.

Another area of research focuses on the molecular and genetic basis of icterus development in cats. By studying the genes and enzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate specific chemical reactions in the body without being consumed. They play a crucial role in virtually all physiological processes. involved in bilirubin production and eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin., researchers hope to discover genetic predispositions or specific mutations that increase the risk of developing jaundice. Such findings could lead to more targeted therapeutic approaches and the development of preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies.

The investigation of environmental factors and their influence on the liver health of cats is also an important aspect of current research. Scientists are investigating how different diets, toxins, and medications affect liver function and potentially contribute to the development of jaundice. These studies could lead to new guidelines in pet nutrition and care to minimize the risk of liver disease and associated symptoms like jaundice.

Additionally, the role of infectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. diseases, such as felineFeline refers to anything related to cats. The term is used to describe diseases, behaviors, or anatomical aspects that are specific to cats. infectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. peritonitis (FIP) or bacterial infections, in the pathogenesisPathogenesis describes the process of the origin and development of a disease, including the mechanisms that lead to the disease's symptoms and signs. of jaundice is being investigated. Researchers are trying to understand the mechanisms through which such infections damage the liver and cause jaundice. These studies could lead to the development of new vaccines or therapeutic approaches that could help prevent or treat such infections.

Interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinarians, biologists, and biochemists is seen as crucial to gaining a more comprehensive understanding of jaundice in cats. Such collaborations could open the door to innovative treatments and a better prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for affected cats.

Finally, there are also efforts to raise awareness among cat owners about the importance of early detection of jaundice. Campaigns and information materials are intended to encourage pet owners to see a veterinarian immediately at the first signs of jaundice, such as a discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This is crucial to avoid irreversible damage to the organs and to maintain or improve the animals’ quality of life.

Frequently asked questions

1. What is jaundice in cats?

Jaundice, also called icterus, is a symptom in which the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes (sclera) turn yellowish. This discoloration is caused by an elevated bilirubin level in the blood, which can indicate problems with the liver, bile ducts, or red blood cells.

2. How do I recognize jaundice in my cat?

The yellowish discoloration of the skin is often hard to see in cats, especially in animals with dark fur. Pay attention to the color of the mucous membranes, such as the gums and eyelids, as well as the sclera of the eyes. A yellowish discoloration of these areas can indicate jaundice.

3. What causes can jaundice have in cats?

Jaundice in cats can be caused by a variety of factors, including liver disease, blockages in the bile ducts, infections, hemolytic anemia, or poisoning. An accurate diagnosis requires an examination by a veterinarian.

4. Is jaundice treatable in cats?

The treatment for jaundice depends on the underlying cause. Once the cause has been identified, targeted therapy can be initiated, which can range from medication and dietary adjustments to surgical procedures.

5. Can jaundice in cats disappear on its own?

While some less severe cases of jaundice may resolve without extensive treatment, it is important to determine and treat the underlying cause. Untreated jaundice can lead to serious health problems.

6. How is jaundice diagnosed in cats?

Diagnosis usually includes a thorough physical exam, blood tests to determine bilirubin levels, liver function tests, imaging procedures like ultrasound, and possibly a biopsy of the liver or other affected organs.

7. Can certain breeds be more susceptible to jaundice?

There are no specific breeds known to be more prone to jaundice. However, genetic factors and predispositions for certain liver diseases in some breeds can increase the risk.

8. What role does nutrition play in the prevention of jaundice?

A balanced diet tailored to the cat's specific needs can help support liver health and reduce the risk of jaundice. It is important to avoid toxins and harmful substances that can strain the liver.

9. Can environmental factors cause jaundice in cats?

Yes, environmental factors such as contact with toxic substances, contaminants, or certain medications can impair liver function and contribute to the development of jaundice.

10. How can I help my cat recover from jaundice?

After the diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause, it is important to follow the veterinarian's instructions exactly. A stress-free environment, an adapted diet, and regular check-ups can contribute to recovery.