Home » Diseases » In cats » Splenic Torsion (Twisted Spleen)

Splenic Torsion (Twisted Spleen) in cats

Occurrence: very rare
Location of illness: Abdomen/pelvis

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 17.02.2026

When to visit the vet?

Urgent see a veterinarian within 24 hours

If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.

Definition

Splenic torsion in cats refers to the pathologicalPathological refers to anything related to diseases or their processes. Pathological changes are those that deviate from the normal structure or function and indicate a disease. twisting of the spleen, which leads to an interruption of the blood supply and possible damage to this organ.

The most important facts at a glance

Splenic torsion in cats occurs when the spleen twists around its own axis, which can impair blood flow and lead to tissue damage. The exact causes are not fully understood, but increased mobility of the spleen, splenomegaly, or sudden movements can be risk factors. Symptoms include loss of appetite, Vomiting, AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, and a palpable massIn pathology, the term "mass" is used to describe an abnormal lump or growth in the body. A mass can form in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or even inside the body. The causes can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). in the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen.. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made through clinical examination and imaging such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions.. Blood tests can also be helpful to rule out other causes of the symptoms.

Treatment usually involves a splenectomy, in which the spleen is removed. Before surgery, stabilizing the cat may be necessary, especially if they show signs of shock. After surgery, regular check-ups and possibly antibiotics are important to avoid complications. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends on how quickly treatment is provided, but with early intervention it is often good. In the long term, cats can live a normal life without a spleen, but they may be more susceptible to infections. For preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring., cats should receive a balanced diet and attend regular veterinary check-ups. Reducing stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. and seeking veterinary advice immediately if unusual symptoms occur are also important.

Causes

The spleen is an important organ in cats’ immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body., playing a role in filtering the blood and producing lymphocytesLymphocytes are a group of white blood cells crucial for the body's adaptive immune response. There are different types, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, each with specific functions in the immune system.. It also helps store and recycle red blood cells and iron. Anatomically, the spleen is located in the abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. cavity near the stomach and is connected to other organs by ligaments.

Splenic torsion occurs when the spleen twists around its own axis. This twisting can constrict or completely block the blood vessels that supply the spleen. This can lead to reduced blood flow or a complete stoppage, which may result in tissue damage or necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems. of the spleen.

The exact causes of splenic torsion in cats are not fully understood. However, it can occur as a result of increased mobility of the spleen, promoted by injuries or congenitalCongenital means "present from birth" and refers to characteristics or conditions that are already present at birth. This can include genetic disorders, developmental anomalies, or infections transmitted by the mother. abnormalities. In some cases, an enlarged spleen, known as splenomegaly, can also increase the likelihood of torsion. Splenomegaly can be caused by various conditions, including infections, Inflammatory conditions, or Tumors.

Risk factors for splenic torsion can also include sudden movements or traumas, although such events are less common in cats than in other animals, such as dogs. A genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. has not yet been clearly proven, but it could play a role in some cases.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

The symptoms of splenic torsion in cats can vary depending on how severe the torsion is and how quickly it progresses. In many cases, the symptoms are nonspecific, which can make diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. more difficult. Common signs include lethargy and general malaise, as the cat may experience Pain due to reduced blood circulation in the spleen.

Other symptoms may include loss of appetite, Vomiting, and DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., caused by disruption of normal digestive processes. In some cases, there may also be visible Swelling of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. caused by enlargement of the spleen. A cat may also show signs of shock, such as pale mucous membranes, rapid heart rate, and shallow breathing, if the torsion is severe and blood circulation is significantly impaired.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing splenic torsion in cats requires a thorough clinical examination and the use of diagnostic imagingDiagnostic imaging includes medical procedures that create images of the inside of the body to diagnose, monitor, or treat diseases and injuries. Examples include X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). procedures. First, the veterinarian will take a complete medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits. and assess the cat’s clinical symptoms. Palpation of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. can provide indications of an enlarged or painful spleen.

Imaging methods such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions. images are crucial for assessing the position and condition of the spleen. An ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. can help visualize the twisting of the spleen and determine the extent of impaired blood flow. In some cases, computed tomography (CT)Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create cross-sectional images of the body. It enables a detailed view of bones, organs, and other structures and is used for the diagnosis of injuries, diseases, and for planning medical interventions. may also be required to obtain a more detailed view.

Additionally, blood tests may be performed to assess the cat’s general health and rule out other possible causes for the symptoms. These tests can show signs of anemia, inflammation, or infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease..

Therapy

Treating splenic torsion in cats usually requires surgery to correct the torsion and restore normal blood circulation to the spleen. This can be achieved with a procedure called a splenectomy, in which the spleen is removed. Although the spleen plays an important role in the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body., cats can live without this organ because other organs can partially take over its functions.

Before surgery, stabilization and supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. care may be necessary, especially if the cat shows signs of shock. This may include administering intravenous fluids, pain medication, and other supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. therapies.

Aftercare following surgery is also important to prevent complications and support the cat’s recovery. This includes regular follow-up examinations and, if necessary, administering antibiotics to prevent infections.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for cats with splenic torsion depends on various factors, including the severity of the twist and how quickly treatment is provided. With early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and successful surgical intervention, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is usually good, and many cats recover fully.

However, complications can occur, especially if the torsion has led to significant tissue damage or necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems. of the spleen. In such cases, recovery may take longer, and there may be an increased risk of postoperativePostoperative refers to the time after a surgical operation. This phase includes recovery and the management of possible complications after the procedure. infections or other complications.

In the long term, cats can live a normal life without a spleen, although they may be more susceptible to certain infections. Therefore, regular veterinary care and monitoring are important to ensure the cat’s health.

Prevention

To minimize the risk of splenic torsion in your cat, it’s important to ensure a balanced diet and a healthy weight. Overweight can increase the risk of various health problems, including splenic torsion. Feed your cat high-quality food in appropriate portions and avoid excessive treats.

Regular veterinary check-ups are also crucial to monitor your cat’s overall health and detect potential problems early. Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s specific needs, especially if they belong to a breed that may be more susceptible to such conditions.

Stress reduction is another important factor. A calm and stable environment can help minimize stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. for your cat. Make sure they have enough places to retreat to, and encourage regular exercise to support both physical and mental health. Be careful to avoid sudden changes in the environment or routine that could triggerA trigger is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction or state. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to emotional responses, such as fear or aggression, or medical conditions, such as seizures in dogs and cats. stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being..

Finally, it’s important to consult a veterinarian immediately if you notice unusual behavior or symptoms. Early detection and treatment can be crucial to avoid serious complications.

Outlook on current research

Splenic torsion in cats is a relatively rare condition that is receiving increasing attention in veterinary research. While splenic torsion is more common and well documented in dogs, especially large breeds, there is less data and fewer studies in cats. Recently, however, research has focused on better understanding the causes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for this condition in cats.

One area of research examines the anatomical and physiological differences between cats and dogs that may contribute to the differing frequency of splenic torsion. Researchers are trying to understand why the spleen in cats is less prone to torsion and which factors might play a role in the rare cases that do occur. These studies include examining the spleen’s structure, its blood supply, and its attachment points in the body.

Another important research focus is the development of improved diagnostic techniques. Traditionally, splenic torsion is diagnosed through physical examination and imaging methods such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions.. Researchers are working to increase the accuracy and efficiency of these methods, possibly by using more advanced technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs. or newer ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. techniques that allow more detailed visualization of internal organs.

In addition, efforts are being made to identify the best treatment approaches. While surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) is the most common treatment method, alternative approaches are being investigated that are less invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. and allow faster recovery. Some studies focus on the possibility of stabilizing the spleen in its position without removing it, which could potentially improve the cat’s quality of life.

Finally, genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. to splenic torsion in cats is also being researched. Researchers are investigating whether certain breeds or genetic lines are more susceptible to this condition and whether genetic tests could be developed to identify at-risk animals early. In the long term, this could help develop breeding strategies that minimize the risk of splenic torsion.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is splenic torsion in cats? Splenic torsion in cats is a rare condition in which the spleen twists around its own axis. This can interrupt the blood supply and cause serious health problems.
What are the symptoms of splenic torsion? Symptoms of splenic torsion can include AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, loss of appetite, Vomiting, lethargy, and an enlarged spleen. Some cats also show signs of shock or circulatory problems.
How is splenic torsion diagnosed in cats? DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is usually made through a combination of physical examination, imaging such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions., and possibly blood tests. These help detect changes in the spleen and rule out other causes.
Can all cats get splenic torsion? In theory, any cat can develop splenic torsion, but overall it is rare in cats. Certain factors such as physical activity, traumaA trauma refers to a physical injury or damage caused by external force. Traumas can range from simple cuts to severe multiple injuries., or anatomical abnormalities could increase the risk.
How is splenic torsion treated? The most common treatment is surgical removal of the spleen, known as a splenectomy. In some cases, an attempt can be made to untwist and stabilize the spleen, but this is less common.
What happens after the spleen is removed from a cat? Cats can live without their spleen because other organs can partially take over its functions. After surgery, careful follow-up care is important to avoid infections or other complications.
Are there ways to prevent splenic torsion? Because the exact causes are often unclear, there are no specific preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. measures. However, a healthy diet and regular veterinary check-ups can help monitor the cat’s overall health.
Is splenic torsion in cats fatal? If left untreated, splenic torsion can potentially be fatal due to circulatory problems and shock. Rapid diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment are crucial for the cat’s survival.
Can other conditions cause splenic torsion? Yes, other conditions such as Tumors or Inflammatory conditions in the spleen can increase the risk of torsion. These conditions can affect the structure or position of the spleen.
Are certain cat breeds more prone to splenic torsions? At present, there is no clear evidence that certain breeds are more susceptible. However, research is investigating whether genetic factors could play a role.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

1. What is splenic torsion in cats?

Splenic torsion in cats is a rare condition in which the spleen twists around its own axis. This can interrupt the blood supply and cause serious health problems.

2. What are the symptoms of splenic torsion?

Symptoms of splenic torsion can include Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, Vomiting, lethargy, and an enlarged spleen. Some cats also show signs of shock or circulatory problems.

3. How is splenic torsion diagnosed in cats?

Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, imaging such as ultrasound or X-ray, and possibly blood tests. These help detect changes in the spleen and rule out other causes.

4. Can all cats get splenic torsion?

In theory, any cat can develop splenic torsion, but overall it is rare in cats. Certain factors such as physical activity, trauma, or anatomical abnormalities could increase the risk.

5. How is splenic torsion treated?

The most common treatment is surgical removal of the spleen, known as a splenectomy. In some cases, an attempt can be made to untwist and stabilize the spleen, but this is less common.

6. What happens after the spleen is removed from a cat?

Cats can live without their spleen because other organs can partially take over its functions. After surgery, careful follow-up care is important to avoid infections or other complications.

7. Are there ways to prevent splenic torsion?

Because the exact causes are often unclear, there are no specific prevention measures. However, a healthy diet and regular veterinary check-ups can help monitor the cat’s overall health.

8. Is splenic torsion in cats fatal?

If left untreated, splenic torsion can potentially be fatal due to circulatory problems and shock. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the cat’s survival.

9. Can other conditions cause splenic torsion?

Yes, other conditions such as Tumors or Inflammatory conditions in the spleen can increase the risk of torsion. These conditions can affect the structure or position of the spleen.

10. Are certain cat breeds more prone to splenic torsions?

At present, there is no clear evidence that certain breeds are more susceptible. However, research is investigating whether genetic factors could play a role.