Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
Definition
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), belongs to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and is frequently used in human medicine as a painkiller, anti-inflammatory drug, and for blood thinning. In pets, especially dogs and cats, aspirin can cause serious poisoning. Aspirin poisoning (intoxication) occurs when animals ingest a dose of this active ingredient that is toxic to them.
The mechanism of action of aspirin is based on the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which are responsible for the formation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are the body’s own messenger substances that influence, among other things, inflammatory processes, pain perception, fever, as well as the protection of the gastric mucosa and the regulation of kidney function. By blocking these enzymes, aspirin has an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effect, but at the same time impairs important protective mechanisms in the body.
The significant difference in the metabolism of aspirin between dogs and cats is particularly noteworthy. While dogs can break down aspirin with a half-life of about 8 hours, cats lack a crucial enzyme for the glucuronidation of salicylic acid, which extends the half-life to about 40 hours. This species-specific peculiarity makes cats particularly susceptible to aspirin poisoning, as the active ingredient remains in the body significantly longer and can accumulate more easily.
The most important facts at a glance
Aspirin poisoning in dogs and cats is a medical emergency that requires fast and targeted veterinary intervention. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) acts by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate specific chemical reactions in the body without being consumed. They play a crucial role in virtually all physiological processes. and thereby impairs the formation of prostaglandins, which leads to therapeutic effects but also to undesirable side effects.
The fundamental difference in metabolism between dogs and cats is particularly noteworthy. While dogs can break down aspirin with a half-life of about 8 hours, cats lack a crucial enzyme for glucuronidationGlucuronidation is a metabolic process in which glucuronic acid is bound to substances such as drugs, toxins, or hormones to make them more water-soluble and easier to excrete. This process is important for detoxification in the body of dogs and cats., which extends the half-life to about 40 hours. This makes cats particularly susceptible to poisoning.
The most common causes of aspirin poisoning are improper medication administration by pet owners and accidentalAccidental means random or unintentional and refers to events or exposures that are not deliberate, such as the accidental swallowing of foreign objects or toxins by dogs and cats. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of unsecured medications. Symptoms include gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. complaints (vomiting, diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., bleeding), neurological abnormalities (apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest., ataxia, convulsions), changes in the respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. and circulatory systems, and kidney and liver damage.
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on the medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., clinical examination, and laboratory diagnostic procedures, with the direct detection of salicylates in the blood being particularly meaningful. TherapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection., specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. administration (misoprostol in dogs), and symptomatic measures such as fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., gastric protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment., and control of vomiting and convulsions.
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends on the dose, the time of the start of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., and pre-existing diseases. With early treatment, it is usually good, while complications are to be expected with delayed therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. or organ damage that has already occurred. Aftercare includes regular follow-up examinations and, if necessary, dietary measures.
PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. measures such as the safe storage of medications and educating pet owners about the dangers of self-medication are crucial to avoid future poisoning cases.
Causes, development and progression
In small doses, aspirin already has an anticoagulantAn anticoagulant is a medication that inhibits blood coagulation, thus preventing the formation of blood clots. It is used for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis and embolism. effect, and in higher doses, it acts as an analgesicAn analgesic is a medication used to relieve Pain without affecting the patient's level of consciousness., antipyreticAntipyretic drugs are medications used to reduce Fever. They work by acting on the heat-regulating center in the brain, thus regulating body temperature. These medications can be used in dogs and cats to reduce Fever, which is often a symptom of an infection or inflammation., and anti-inflammatory drugAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications or substances that help reduce or prevent inflammatory responses in the body. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., corticosteroids). due to the inhibition of the formation of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins).
The anticoagulantAn anticoagulant is a medication that inhibits blood coagulation, thus preventing the formation of blood clots. It is used for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis and embolism. effect is sometimes utilized in cats.
Supplement
The causes of aspirin poisoning in pets can be divided into several categories. The most common cause is improper medication administration by pet owners who act with good intentions but administer human medical preparations without veterinary instructions. Many pet owners are unaware of the significant differences in metabolism between humans and animals and mistakenly apply dosages or application recommendations from human medicine to their pets.
Another common cause is the accidental ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of aspirin by curious animals that have access to unsecured medications. Dogs in particular, which are less selective about what they eat, can swallow entire packs of painkillers if they are kept within their reach. Improper disposal of medications in household waste can also lead to accidentalAccidental means random or unintentional and refers to events or exposures that are not deliberate, such as the accidental swallowing of foreign objects or toxins by dogs and cats. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems..
In rarer cases, overdoses can occur as part of a therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. prescribed by a veterinarian. This happens, for example, if pet owners misunderstand dosage instructions or if several family members unknowingly administer the same medication. Especially in cats, which can only tolerate very low dosages due to their limited metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. capacity, even small deviations from the prescribed dose can lead to toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. reactions.
The minimum toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. dose for oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. in dogs is approximately 50 mg/kg of body weight three times a day, while in cats it is as low as 25 mg/kg of body weight twice a day. The LD50 (lethal dose 50)LD50 (lethal dose 50) is a measure of a substance's toxicity and refers to the dose at which 50% of the exposed population (typically test animals) die. In veterinary medicine, the LD50 (lethal dose 50) is used to assess the potential hazard of toxins or drugs to dogs and cats. (the dose at which 50% of animals die without treatment) is given as approximately 700 mg/kg of body weight for dogs. For cats, this value is significantly lower.
Mechanism of action
Prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of stomach acid and the blood flow to the gastric mucosa. Prolonged intake or accidental excessive ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of aspirin can lead to damage to the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients., such as inflammatory irritation, bleeding, or local ulcers.
Simultaneous intake of glucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex that play an important role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. They are also used therapeutically as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. increases the risk of bleeding and ulcers in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract.
In high doses, aspirin has a stimulating effect on the respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. center in dogs and can thus negatively influence the internal environment of the acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems..
Aspirin in ointments is also almost completely absorbed through the skin.
Cats react significantly more sensitively. Due to a genetic change, cats of all breeds are hardly able to convert salicylic acid, which is produced immediately after ingesting aspirin, into a substance that can be excreted via the kidneys.
As a result of this special situation in cats, eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. from the body takes about five times longer in cats than in dogs. In dogs, you can assume a half-life of 8 hours. In cats, it is approximately 40 hours.
This is also the reason why the therapeutic administration of aspirin in dogs is done twice a day, while in cats it may only be done once a day.
Supplement
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), internationally known as aspirin, belongs to the group of non-steroidalNon-steroidal refers to medications or substances that are not steroids and often have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic effects. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Pain and Inflammatory conditions. anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. (NSAIDsNSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) stands for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a class of medications used to relieve pain, reduce inflammatory conditions, and lower fever without using steroidal agents. They are a commonly used pain reliever in veterinary medicine.) and is frequently used in humans to reduce pain and fever as well as for blood thinning. In dogs and especially in cats, however, ASA can quickly have a toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect – due to dose-dependent, multipleMultiple means manifold or repeated and is used to describe conditions or events that occur in multiple instances or at different locations. In veterinary medicine, this may indicate multiple lesions, tumors, or other pathological changes. systemic effects.
The mechanism of action of the poisoning is based on the inhibition of important enzymes, disturbances of the acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems., and direct cell damage.
1. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2)
Acetylsalicylic acid irreversibly inhibits the enzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate specific chemical reactions in the body without being consumed. They play a crucial role in virtually all physiological processes. cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins.
Consequences at a toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. dose:
- GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. damage:
- Prostaglandins protect the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients.. Their inhibition leads to ulcerations, erosions, bleeding, and perforations of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract.
- Kidney damage:
- In the kidneys, prostaglandins are important for blood flow regulation. Their inhibition can lead to acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. renal failure, especially in dehydrated animals.
- CoagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders:
- COX-1 inhibition inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2 in plateletsPlatelets, also called thrombocytes, are cells in the blood that play a crucial role in blood coagulation. They help stop Bleeding by forming clots that seal injuries in blood vessels. → decreased platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation is the process by which platelets clump together to form a blood clot. This process is crucial for stopping bleeding after injuries. → increased tendency to bleed.
2. Disturbance of Energy Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
In high doses, ASA has a decoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondriaMitochondria are cell organelles that serve as the "power plants" of the cell because they produce most of the energy in the form of ATP. They play an essential role in energy metabolism and in the regulation of cell death.. This disrupts the formation of ATP.
Consequences:
- MetabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. acidosisAcidosis is a condition in which the pH value in the body is too acidic, either due to an increase in acid or a loss of bases. In dogs and cats, acidosis can occur due to renal failure, diabetes, or other metabolic disorders.: Increased anaerobicAnaerobic describes life forms or processes that occur in the absence of oxygen. In veterinary medicine, this often refers to anaerobic bacteria that thrive in low-oxygen environments and can cause infections. glycolysis leads to an increase in lactate formation → acidification of the blood
- HyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention.: Increased heat production due to decoupling of cellularCellular refers to cells or consisting of cells. In biology and medicine, it refers to processes, structures, or functions that occur at the level of individual cells. respiration
- HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar levels fall below the normal range. Symptoms may include tremors, sweating, Hunger, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness.: Increased energy demand with decreased energy production
3. CNS effects at a toxic dose
At high blood levels, ASA can directly affect the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior..
- Initially: Stimulation of the respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. center → hyperventilation, respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. alkalosis
- Later: Exhaustion → respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment., CO₂ increase
- Neurological symptoms: Ataxia, disorientation, convulsions, comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.
4. Species-dependent Differences
Dog:
- Metabolism: Dogs can metabolize ASA relatively slowly, but are less sensitive than cats.
- ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. dose: 25–50 mg/kg with chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. administration; acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. from about 200 mg/kg
Cat:
- Particular risk: Cats are highly sensitive to ASA because they largely lack the enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase, which is necessary for ASA metabolism.
- Half-life: up to 38 hours (vs. 8–12 h in dogs)
- ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. dose: potentially toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. from as little as approx. 10–25 mg/kg
Summary of toxic effects:
| System | ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect |
| GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract | Mucosal damage, bleeding, ulcers |
| Kidneys | Reduced blood flow, acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. renal failure |
| Blood coagulationBlood coagulation is a process that helps stop Bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. Platelets and certain proteins in the plasma form a blood clot that seals the wound. | Inhibition of platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation is the process by which platelets clump together to form a blood clot. This process is crucial for stopping bleeding after injuries. → tendency to bleed |
| Central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. | Stimulation and later depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment. → hyperventilation, convulsions, comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems. |
| Metabolism | AcidosisAcidosis is a condition in which the pH value in the body is too acidic, either due to an increase in acid or a loss of bases. In dogs and cats, acidosis can occur due to renal failure, diabetes, or other metabolic disorders., hypoglycemiaHypoglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar levels fall below the normal range. Symptoms may include tremors, sweating, Hunger, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness., hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. |
Symptoms of intoxication
The first symptoms, especially vomiting, appear as early as 4–6 hours after intoxication.
Young dogs are more sensitive than adult animals because, similar to cats, their conversion mechanisms are limited.
A characteristic feature is the development of acidification of the body (metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. acidosis), which can be accompanied by respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system. and unconsciousness.
In cats, kidney and liver damage are also to be expected in the event of aspirin poisoning. Effects on the brain are also possible.
The minimum toxic dose for oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. in dogs is 50 mg/kg of body weight 3 times a day, for cats 25 mg/kg of body weight 2 times a day.
The LD50 (50% of animals die without treatment) is 700 mg/kg of body weight in dogs.
In summary, the symptoms of intoxication are
generally:
- Apathy
- DepressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment.
- Loss of appetite
affecting the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and liver:
- Vomiting, sometimes bloody
- DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., sometimes bloody
- Anemia due to blood loss via the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract
- Yellowing of the skin (icterus) in the event of liver damage
affecting brain function
- Balance Disorders (Ataxia)
- Tremor,
- GeneralizedGeneralized means that a disease or condition affects a large part of the body or multiple organ systems. Generalized diseases can show systemic symptoms and may require more comprehensive treatment. convulsions or muscle weakness
affecting lung function and the cardiovascular system
- Increased respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. rate
- Increased heart rate
- Hypothermia
- ComaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.
- Shock
The clinical signs of aspirin poisoning typically develop within 4–6 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. and can vary depending on the dose ingested, species, and individual health status of the animal. The symptomatologySymptomatology refers to the entirety of symptoms associated with a particular disease or condition. It describes how a disease manifests itself externally. can be divided into several organ systems.
In the area of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract, affected animals often show vomiting as the first sign, which can sometimes be bloody. This results from the direct irritating effect on the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. as well as the reduced prostaglandinProstaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds found in almost all tissues and organs. They play an important role in Inflammatory conditions, pain transmission, and the regulation of blood flow and platelet function. production, which normally contributes to the protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment. of the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients.. Other symptoms include loss of appetite, diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems. (possibly with traces of blood), abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, and increased saliva production. In the event of a longer course, chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. bleeding can lead to anemia, which manifests itself through pale mucous membranes and increased lethargy.
On a neurological level, poisoning can lead to behavioral changes. Affected animals often show apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest., depression, or paradoxically, restlessness and hyperactivityHyperactivity refers to an excessively high level of activity that goes beyond normal behavior. In dogs and cats, hyperactivity can be caused by behavioral problems, neurological disorders, or reactions to medications or toxins.. As the poisoning progresses, balance disorders (ataxia), tremors, and in severe cases, generalizedGeneralized means that a disease or condition affects a large part of the body or multiple organ systems. Generalized diseases can show systemic symptoms and may require more comprehensive treatment. convulsions can occur. In the case of severe poisoning, clouding of consciousness up to a comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems. can occur.
In the area of the respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. and circulatory systems, aspirin initially leads to stimulation of the respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. center with an increased respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. rate. In severe poisoning, metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. acidosisAcidosis is a condition in which the pH value in the body is too acidic, either due to an increase in acid or a loss of bases. In dogs and cats, acidosis can occur due to renal failure, diabetes, or other metabolic disorders. develops, which leads to compensatory hyperventilation. The heart rate is typically increased. In advanced stages, hypothermia and states of shock can occur.
Especially in cats, but also in dogs, kidney and liver damage can occur, which can manifest as increased drinking and urination as well as yellowing of the mucous membranes (icterus). Impairment of kidney function can lead to reduced urine production up to acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. renal failure.
Young animals and animals with pre-existing gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients., kidney, or liver diseases are particularly sensitive to aspirin and can develop severe symptoms even at lower doses.
Diagnosis
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of aspirin poisoning is based on a combination of medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., clinical examination, and laboratory diagnostic procedures. The first and often decisive step is a thorough collection of the historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits.. Information about possible access to medications, observed ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of aspirin or other painkillers, as well as the approximate amount and time of ingestion are of central importance. The documentation of symptoms that have already occurred and their course over time also provide important diagnostic clues.
During the clinical examination, the veterinarian pays particular attention to signs of gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. irritation, neurological abnormalities, vital parameters, and mucous membrane color. Measuring body temperature, heart and respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. rate, and assessing hydration status are fundamental components of this examination.
Several parameters are relevant for laboratory diagnostics. A blood gas analysis can detect metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. acidosisAcidosis is a condition in which the pH value in the body is too acidic, either due to an increase in acid or a loss of bases. In dogs and cats, acidosis can occur due to renal failure, diabetes, or other metabolic disorders., which is characteristic of advanced aspirin poisoning. The blood count can provide evidence of anemia due to gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. bleeding, while the determination of liver and kidney values reveals possible organ damage. CoagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. diagnostics are useful to assess the effects on blood coagulationBlood coagulation is a process that helps stop Bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. Platelets and certain proteins in the plasma form a blood clot that seals the wound..
The direct detection of salicylates in the blood or urine is the most specific diagnostic method. The blood concentration correlates with the severity of the poisoning and can be used for therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. planning. If gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. bleeding is suspected, an ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examination of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. can be helpful to assess the extent of mucosal damage.
In terms of differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis is the process of weighing two or more conditions that cause similar symptoms to determine the specific cause of a patient's symptoms., other intoxications (especially by other NSAIDsNSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) stands for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a class of medications used to relieve pain, reduce inflammatory conditions, and lower fever without using steroidal agents. They are a commonly used pain reliever in veterinary medicine. such as ibuprofen or paracetamol), acute gastroenteritis, pancreatitis, primary kidney diseases, and neurological diseases must be excluded. The combination of typical symptoms, appropriate medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., and elevated salicylate levels in the blood confirms the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..
Therapeutic principles
The therapeutic principles follow the measures described at the beginning.
DecontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. is carried out by means of:
- Inducing vomiting,
- Gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound.,
- Administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body.,
- Bowel irrigation
- Stimulation of urine formation (forced diuresis)
A synthetically produced prostaglandinProstaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds found in almost all tissues and organs. They play an important role in Inflammatory conditions, pain transmission, and the regulation of blood flow and platelet function. (misoprostol) is available as an antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. for dogs.
Repeated administration of this preparation can counteract the toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect of anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. in dogs.
Otherwise, therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. in dogs is symptomatic.
No antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. is available for cats, so therapy here can only be symptomatic.
The focus of symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is the monitoring and stabilization of vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness.:
- Circulation
- Respiration
- Water, electrolyte, and acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems.
Further symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes
- Resolving convulsions
- Optimizing body temperature
- Protecting the gastric mucosa
- Combating vomiting
- Compensating for blood loss in the event of critical anemia
Supplement
The treatment of aspirin poisoning requires a fast and systematic approach. Therapeutic management can be divided into several phases: decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection., specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. administration (if available), and symptomatic therapy.
Decontamination aims to prevent further absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi.. In the case of recent ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. (within 1–2 hours), inducing vomiting by administering apomorphine in dogs or xylazine in cats may be indicated. However, this should only be done under veterinary supervision, as there is a risk of aspiration if neurological symptoms or clouding of consciousness are already present. In animals that already show symptoms or if the ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. was longer ago, gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound. can be performed under anesthesia.
An essential part of decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. is the administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body., which binds toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. substances in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and prevents their absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.. In the case of aspirin poisoning, activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. is ideally administered several times at intervals of 4 to 6 hours, as aspirin undergoes enterohepatic circulation and can be repeatedly excreted into the intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.. The administration of laxativesLaxatives are medications that ease the passage / transit of stool through the intestines. They are used in dogs and cats to treat constipation by softening the stool or stimulating bowel movements. can accelerate excretion.
Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandinProstaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds found in almost all tissues and organs. They play an important role in Inflammatory conditions, pain transmission, and the regulation of blood flow and platelet function. E1 analog that can partially replace the prostaglandinProstaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds found in almost all tissues and organs. They play an important role in Inflammatory conditions, pain transmission, and the regulation of blood flow and platelet function. production inhibited by aspirin, is available as a specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. for dogs. It protects the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. and can reduce gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. bleeding. Unfortunately, no specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. exists for cats, which makes treatment in this species more complicated.
Symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes several components. Intravenous fluid therapy is essential to promote blood flow to the kidneys and accelerate the excretion of the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi.. In the case of metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. acidosisAcidosis is a condition in which the pH value in the body is too acidic, either due to an increase in acid or a loss of bases. In dogs and cats, acidosis can occur due to renal failure, diabetes, or other metabolic disorders., the administration of sodiumSodium is a vital electrolyte that plays a key role in regulating water balance, blood pressure, and nerve and muscle activity. Unbalanced sodium levels can lead to various health problems in dogs and cats. bicarbonate may be necessary to correct the acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems.. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole or H2-receptor antagonists such as ranitidine are used to protect the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients.. AntiemeticsAntiemetics are medications used to prevent or treat Nausea and Vomiting. In dogs and cats, they are used in various situations, including after surgery, for motion sickness, or for certain conditions that cause Nausea. such as maropitant can control vomiting.
In the case of severe bleeding, a blood transfusion may be required. Convulsions are treated with anticonvulsantsAnticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs, are medications used to control or prevent seizures. They are used in dogs and cats with epilepsy or other conditions that cause seizures. such as diazepam or phenobarbital. Monitoring and stabilizing vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness., including body temperature, respiration, and circulation, are of the utmost importance throughout the treatment.
The duration of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. depends on the severity of the poisoning and can range from a few days to several weeks, especially if organ damage has occurred. Close monitoring of clinical parameters and regular checks of laboratory values are required throughout the treatment period.
Prognosis & follow-up care
With careful monitoring and appropriate therapy, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is good.
The prognosis for aspirin poisoning depends on several factors: the dose ingested, the time elapsed until the start of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., the species of the affected animal, and the presence of concomitant diseases. In general, the earlier the treatment starts, the better the chances of a full recovery.
In the case of mild poisoning with prompt veterinary intervention, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is usually good. Animals that are treated within the first 4–6 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. and have not developed serious organ damage usually recover completely. In the case of moderate to severe poisoning, especially if kidney or liver damage has already occurred, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. should be made more cautiously. Cats tend to have a worse prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. than dogs due to their limited metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. capacity.
Aftercare plays a decisive role in long-term recovery. After the acute treatment phase, regular follow-up examinations are required to monitor organ functions. This includes blood tests to check liver and kidney values as well as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examinations, if necessary, to track the healing of gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. lesions.
Nutritional recommendations for the convalescence phase include easily digestible, gentle diets that should be offered in small, frequent portions. In the case of persistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. problems, longer-term drug therapy with gastric protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment. preparations may be necessary. Animals with kidney damage may require a special kidney diet and regular checks of kidney function.
Educating pet owners about preventive measures to avoid future poisoning is particularly important. This includes the safe storage of medications out of the reach of pets, ideally in locked cabinets. Medications should never be administered without veterinary orders, and expired or no longer needed medicines must be disposed of professionally.
In animals that have survived severe poisoning, long-term damage may remain in some cases, requiring a permanent adjustment of living conditions. This particularly affects animals with permanent kidney function limitations that require lifelong monitoring and treatment.
Research outlook
Research in the field of aspirin poisoning in pets is currently focusing on several promising approaches. One focus is on the development of species-specific antidotes, especially for cats, which are particularly at risk due to their limited metabolic capacity. Scientists are investigating modified prostaglandinProstaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds found in almost all tissues and organs. They play an important role in Inflammatory conditions, pain transmission, and the regulation of blood flow and platelet function. analogs that are specifically tailored to the needs and physiological characteristics of cats.
Another research area deals with improved diagnostic methods. Point-of-care tests that allow fast and reliable detection of salicylates in small amounts of blood could revolutionize diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. in veterinary practice. Such tests would allow an immediate therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. decision without delay due to laboratory tests.
Innovative treatment approaches such as extracorporeal eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. of toxins are becoming increasingly important. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion have proven effective in severe cases for removing aspirin from the bloodstream. Current studies are dealing with the optimization of these procedures for veterinary medicine and the development of portable devices that could also be used in smaller practices.
Researching the long-term consequences of survived aspirin poisoning is another important field. Longitudinal studies are investigating whether and to what extent subclinicalSubclinical refers to a condition or disease that does not yet cause any recognizable symptoms. Subclinical diseases can only be diagnosed by specific tests or examinations. organ damage can occur after acute poisoning and which preventive measures are useful to minimize long-term consequences.
Last but not least, research is dedicated to improving preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies. This includes the development of more pet-friendly packaging for human medicines, the optimization of educational campaigns for pet owners, and the integration of poisoning preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. into basic veterinary care.
These research approaches promise to significantly improve the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. of aspirin poisoning in pets in the coming years and to increase the survival rates and quality of life of affected animals.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- How quickly do symptoms of aspirin poisoning appear in my pet?
The first symptoms, typically vomiting and lethargy, usually appear within 4–6 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.. In cats, some symptoms may be delayed due to their slower metabolism. - Can I give my dog or cat aspirin myself if they are in pain?
No, you should never administer aspirin or other human medicines to your pets without veterinary instructions. The dosage, frequency of application, and suitability must always be determined by a veterinarian. - What immediate measures can I take if my pet has ingested aspirin?
Contact your veterinarian or a veterinary emergency practice immediately. Do not try to induce vomiting yourself, as this can be dangerous if symptoms are already present. Have the packaging or remaining stock of the medication ready so that the amount ingested can be estimated. - Are certain pet breeds or age groups particularly at risk?
Yes, young animals, small breeds, and older animals with limited organ function are particularly sensitive to aspirin. In addition, cats are generally more sensitive than dogs. - Can a single aspirin poisoning lead to permanent damage?
Yes, especially in the case of severe poisoning or delayed treatment, permanent kidney or liver damage can remain. ChronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. problems are also possible. - How can I prevent aspirin poisoning in my pets?
Store all medications in locked cabinets out of the reach of pets. Dispose of unused or expired medications safely and inform all household members about the dangers of human medicines for animals. - Are there safe alternatives to aspirin for pets in pain?
Yes, there are painkillers developed specifically for animals that are significantly safer. Your veterinarian can prescribe a suitable preparation depending on the cause of the pain and your pet’s individual situation. - How long does recovery take after aspirin poisoning?
In the case of mild poisoning and prompt treatment, recovery can occur within a few days. In severe cases with organ damage, recovery can take weeks to months and require regular follow-up checks. - What diagnostic tests are performed if aspirin poisoning is suspected?
Typically, blood counts, organ values, blood gas analysis, and specific tests for salicylate concentrations in the blood are performed. Depending on the symptoms, further examinations such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or ECG may be necessary. - Is aspirin poisoning always an emergency?
Yes, any aspirin ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. by pets should be considered a potential emergency requiring immediate veterinary assessment. The sooner treatment begins, the better the chances of success.
Literature
- https://www.msdmanuals.com/de-de/profi/verletzungen,-vergiftungen/vergiftung/vergiftungen-mit-acetylsalicyls%C3%A4ure-und-anderen-salicylaten
- Artner, J. Syn. ASA, aspirin. Def. Platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation is the process by which platelets clump together to form a blood clot. This process is crucial for stopping bleeding after injuries. inhibitor, non-steroidalNon-steroidal refers to medications or substances that are not steroids and often have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic effects. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Pain and Inflammatory conditions., anti-inflammatory-antipyretic analgesicAn analgesic is a medication used to relieve Pain without affecting the patient's level of consciousness.. The mechanism of action: Acetylsalicylic acid unfolds its effect via a non-specific, irreversible inhibition of cyclooxy.
- https://www.vetpharm.uzh.ch/clinitox/toxdb/klt_059.htm
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- KHAN, S. A., MCLEAN, M. K. (2023): Common toxicologic issues in small animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 53(2), pp. 417–438.
- JÄHNIG, P. (2024): Poisoning in dogs and cats – A retrospective analysis of empirical and evidence-based data from 2000 to 2020 on epidemiology, diagnostics, and therapy. Dissertation, University of Leipzig.
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