Angel’s Trumpet (Brugmansia Suaveolens)
Angel’s Trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and is classified as highly toxic (+++) due to its high concentration of tropane alkaloids. These trumpet-shaped flowers, often cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens, pose a significant danger to our pets. The main toxic substances in Angel’s Trumpet are atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which belong to the group of tropane alkaloids. These toxins are present in all parts of the plant, with the highest concentrations found in seeds and flowers. Even the ingestion of small amounts can lead to severe poisoning symptoms in dogs and cats.
The most important facts at a glance
Angel’s Trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) is among the highly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants and poses a significant danger to dogs and cats. The contained tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine) have anticholinergic effects and lead to characteristic poisoning symptoms such as mydriasis, dry mucous membranes, tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., neurological disturbances, and in severe cases, convulsions and respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system..
DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., clinical picture, and supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. laboratory tests. TherapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. measures, administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body., specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. with physostigmine for severe poisonings, and symptomatic measures to stabilize vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness.. With early and adequate treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is favorable in most cases, while severe poisonings can be life-threatening.
Preventive measures, such as removing toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants from the animals’ environment, are crucial to prevent poisonings. Pet owners should be educated about the dangers of Angel’s Trumpet and other toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants and seek immediate veterinary help in case of poisoning.
Causes, development and progression
The Angel’s Trumpet shares its toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. properties with other nightshade plants such as thorn apple (Datura), nightshade (Solanum), belladonna (Atropa), henbane (Scopolia), mandrake (Mandragora), and henbane (Hyoscamus). In all these plants, the mechanism of poisoning is similar and is based on the anticholinergic effect of the tropane alkaloids they contain. The heart and nervous system are particularly affected.
It initially leads to states of excitement and cramps, later to movement disorders and paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system., as well as shortness of breath. ParalysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system. of the muscles of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and urinary tract leads to constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues. and difficulty urinating. In human medicine, the ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of even a few flowers or leaves is considered toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes..
Angel’s Trumpet poisoning usually occurs through oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of plant parts. Dogs and cats may chew or eat the plants out of curiosity or boredom. After oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., the tropane alkaloids are rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and distributed throughout the body tissue. Excretion later occurs partly unchanged via the kidneys.
The risk of poisoning is particularly high during the flowering season of the Angel’s Trumpet from June to October, but can exist all year round if the plant is kept as a houseplant. While cats are less likely to be affected due to their more selective eating habits, young, inexperienced dogs in particular tend to explore and eat plant parts. Animals with certain pre-existing conditions, especially of the heart or nervous system, also have an increased risk of serious complications from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning.
The mechanism of action of tropane alkaloids is based on their ability to inhibit the effect of the neurotransmitterNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals from one neuron to the next across the synaptic cleft. They are essential for numerous functions of the nervous system, including mood, sleep, and motor skills. acetylcholine. Atropine blocks the muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAcetylcholine receptors are proteins on the surface of nerve and muscle cells that serve as binding sites for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are crucial for the transmission of nerve signals, especially in muscle contraction and in various areas of the nervous system., thus inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system. Scopolamine has a similar anticholinergic effect, but also has a strong sedative effect on the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. and can triggerA trigger is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction or state. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to emotional responses, such as fear or aggression, or medical conditions, such as seizures in dogs and cats. seizures. Hyoscyamine, a form of atropine, also has a spasmolytic effect and leads to dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils, but has stronger effects on the nervous system than atropine.
Mechanism of action
Atropine inhibits the effect of the neurotransmitterNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals from one neuron to the next across the synaptic cleft. They are essential for numerous functions of the nervous system, including mood, sleep, and motor skills. for nerve excitation between the nerve cell and other cells.
The name of the neurotransmitterNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals from one neuron to the next across the synaptic cleft. They are essential for numerous functions of the nervous system, including mood, sleep, and motor skills. is acetylcholine. The effect is called anticholinergic.
The anticholinergic effect is particularly noticeable in digestive processes (saliva secretion, tone in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and gallbladder), on the heart and on the CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body..
Scopolamine
Scopolamine has an anticholinergic effect like atropine. However, it has a strong sedative effect on the CNS and leads to apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest.. Cramps are sometimes triggered.
Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine is a form of atropine. It also has a spasmolytic effect and, like atropine, leads to dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils (mydriatic). It has less effect on the heart, but leads to stronger effects on the nervous system.
When higher doses are absorbed, it initially has an exciting effect on the CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body., leading to cramps.
In severe intoxication, muscle relaxation, a drop in body temperature and ultimately comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems. occur.
Death occurs due to central respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system..
In humans, the LD is 50–100 mg.
The Angel’s Trumpet (genus Brugmansia) belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and contains highly potent tropane alkaloids. These alkaloids have a toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect on the central and peripheralPeripheral refers to areas located outside the central part of a system or body. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or tissues that are distant from central organs such as the heart or brain. nervous system and lead to severe poisoning in dogs and cats even in small quantities.
The toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. substances in the plant are:
- Atropine
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
These substances are found in all parts of the plant, but are particularly concentrated in the seeds and flowers. Just a few grams of the plant can cause significant intoxication.
Pharmacological mechanism of action
The tropane alkaloids mentioned are competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAcetylcholine receptors are proteins on the surface of nerve and muscle cells that serve as binding sites for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are crucial for the transmission of nerve signals, especially in muscle contraction and in various areas of the nervous system. (mAChR) in the parasympathetic nervous system. This means:
- They block the effect of acetylcholine, one of the most important messenger substances of the autonomic nervous system.
- This leads to an inhibition of parasympathetic reactions and thus to a predominance of sympatheticIn medicine, sympathetic refers to the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, among other things. effects in the body.
Specifically, this means:
- DilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils (mydriasis)
- Increased heart rate (tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems.)
- Inhibition of saliva and gastric juice secretion → dry mucous membranes
- Reduced intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. motility → constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues., bloating
- Urinary retention due to detrusor relaxation
- Stimulation of the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. → restlessness, hallucinations, seizures
Scopolamine also has a strong central sedative effect and can lead to disorientation, impaired consciousness and comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.. Atropine primarily has peripheralPeripheral refers to areas located outside the central part of a system or body. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or tissues that are distant from central organs such as the heart or brain. effects, but also has CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body. effects in toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. doses.
Specific effect in dogs
- Dogs often show a mixture of central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. stimulation and vegetative disinhibition:
- Restlessness, nervousness, hallucinatory behavior
- Dry mucous membranes, panting, oversized pupils
- Rapid heartbeat, circulatory instability
- In severe cases: seizures, comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems., respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.
Specific effect in cats
- Cats are particularly sensitive to tropane alkaloids, both peripherally and centrally:
- Sudden change in behavior, states of excitement or apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest.
- HyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. due to lack of sweat secretion and central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. decoupling of temperature regulation
- Tremors, coordination disorders, muscle twitching
- Seizures, collapse, respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment.
Cats also show signs of central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. overstimulation more quickly with visual hallucinations (so-called “chasing flying insects”) and massive disorientation.
Summary of the mechanism of action
| System | ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect of tropane alkaloids |
| Central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. | Excitation (atropine), sedationSedation refers to the state of calming or suppressing the central nervous system with medication, which reduces anxiety and irritability and sometimes induces a light sleep. (scopolamine), hallucinations, seizures |
| Eyes | Pupil dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). (mydriasis), sensitivity to light |
| Cardiovascular system | TachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., increase or decrease in blood pressure, arrhythmias |
| GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract | Dry mouth, reduced gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. motility, constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues. |
| Urogenital system | Urinary retention due to detrusor inhibition |
| Temperature regulation | HyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. due to central and peripheralPeripheral refers to areas located outside the central part of a system or body. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or tissues that are distant from central organs such as the heart or brain. inhibition of cholinergic pathways |
Symptoms of intoxication
Reduced saliva production
IntestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. peristalsis inhibited (spasmolysisSpasmolysis is the relaxation of smooth muscle cells, leading to a reduction in muscle spasms. Spasmolytic drugs are used in dogs and cats to treat spasms in the gastrointestinal tract or other organs., intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. inertia)
Urinary retention
Gallbladder, tone reduced
DilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils
TachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems. (increased heart rate)
Excitation
Disorientation
ApathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest.
Seizures
RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.
The clinical signs of Angel’s Trumpet poisoning can be very diverse in dogs and cats and usually occur within 30 to 60 minutes after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.. The symptoms reflect the anticholinergic effect of the tropane alkaloids and affect several organ systems:
In the digestive tract, there is reduced saliva production with dry mucous membranes, inhibited intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. peristalsis (spasmolysisSpasmolysis is the relaxation of smooth muscle cells, leading to a reduction in muscle spasms. Spasmolytic drugs are used in dogs and cats to treat spasms in the gastrointestinal tract or other organs.) and resulting constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues.. The reduced motility of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract can lead to nausea and vomiting, although the latter usually only occurs at the beginning of the poisoning.
In the urogenital tract, the poisoning manifests itself as urinary retention due to reduced bladder contraction. The tone of the gallbladder is also reduced, which can lead to disorders in bile metabolism.
The effects on the nervous system and eyes are particularly characteristic. The affected animals show a clear mydriasis (pupil dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease).), which has a symmetrical effect on both eyes and does not react to light. Paradoxical reactions can occur in the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior.: Initially, the animals often show states of excitement, restlessness, disorientation and coordination disorders, later apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest., seizures and finally unconsciousness can follow.
Cardiovascular symptoms include tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems. (increased heart rate) and arrhythmias. The mucous membranes may appear pale or cyanoticCyanotic refers to the presence of cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes, indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood. due to circulatory changes. In severe cases, hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. (increased body temperature) can occur because sweat production is inhibited and heat regulation is disturbed.
RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. problems manifest as shallow, rapid breathing, which can lead to central respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system. as the poisoning progresses, which is ultimately the cause of death.
Diagnosis
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of Angel’s Trumpet poisoning is initially based on the patient’s historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits. and the clinical picture. If the pet owner has observed their animal eating parts of an Angel’s Trumpet, or if typical plant residues are found in the vomit, this is an important diagnostic indicator. The characteristic symptom profile, including mydriasis, dry mucous membranes, tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., and neurological abnormalities, supports the presumptive diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..
Laboratory tests can help assess the severity of the poisoning and identify complications. A complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry should be performed to check liver and kidney function, as these organs are involved in the metabolism and excretion of toxins. Electrolyte disturbances, particularly changes in potassiumPotassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is important for the function of nerves and muscles, including the heart muscle. Potassium also helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure. and sodiumSodium is a vital electrolyte that plays a key role in regulating water balance, blood pressure, and nerve and muscle activity. Unbalanced sodium levels can lead to various health problems in dogs and cats., can occur and should be monitored.
An ECG is indicated if cardiac arrhythmias are suspected and can show tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., extrasystoles, or other arrhythmias. In severe cases, a blood gas analysis may be necessary to assess the acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems. and oxygenation.
Direct detection of tropane alkaloids in blood or urine is rarely available in routine diagnostics but can be performed in specialized laboratories. In practice, however, this detection is usually not necessary, as treatment is symptom-oriented.
Differentially, other anticholinergic poisonings (e.g., due to certain medications like antihistaminesAntihistamines are medications that block the effects of histamine in the body, thereby alleviating allergic reactions. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Itching, Skin inflammation, and other allergy symptoms. or tricyclic antidepressants), as well as neurological diseases such as epilepsy or meningoencephalitis, must be considered.
Therapeutic principles
The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine can be used as an antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects..
By inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, physostigmine counteracts the effect of atropine, so that more acetylcholine is available again and for a longer period of time.
The primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. should be carried out as quickly as possible and include all sensible measures consistently.
These are inducing vomiting, provided the animal is responsive and there are no seizures, as well as gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound..
Afterwards, activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. should be given repeatedly. Increasing intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. passage after the administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. accelerates eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin..
To secondary poison eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin., that is, the eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. of already absorbed poisons, serves an increase in urine formation by volume substitution and the use of special drugs (forced diuresisDiuresis is the increase in urine excretion by the kidneys. It is a natural process for removing excess water and waste products from the body.).
The symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. serves to stabilize vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness. and combat distressing symptoms such as seizures, persistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. vomiting or pain.
Treatment of Angel’s Trumpet poisoning requires a rapid and comprehensive therapeutic approach. The primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. measure is decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. to prevent further absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of the poison. If ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. occurred less than 1–2 hours ago and the animal is conscious and not showing seizures, inducing vomiting by administering apomorphine (dog) or xylazine (cat) may be useful. Inducing vomiting is contraindicated in animals with impaired consciousness or seizures.
Gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound. under anesthesia can be considered if vomiting was unsuccessful or is contraindicated. Following these measures, activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. should be administered several times (1–4 g/kg body weight every 4–6 hours) to reduce the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of toxins still in the intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.. The administration of laxativesLaxatives are medications that ease the passage / transit of stool through the intestines. They are used in dogs and cats to treat constipation by softening the stool or stimulating bowel movements. such as sodiumSodium is a vital electrolyte that plays a key role in regulating water balance, blood pressure, and nerve and muscle activity. Unbalanced sodium levels can lead to various health problems in dogs and cats. sulfate accelerates intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. passage and thus the excretion of toxins.
The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine, which can cross the blood-brain barrierThe blood-brain barrier is a protective barrier between the blood vessels in the brain and the brain tissue. It prevents most substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain tissue, but allows nutrients and oxygen to pass through. and thus also antagonize central anticholinergic effects, can be used as a specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. in severe poisoning. The dosage is 0.02-0.06 mg/kg i.v. slowly. The effect begins within minutes, but only lasts about 1–2 hours, so repeated doses may be necessary. Physostigmine should be used with caution as it can have toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effects itself, especially in overdose or in animals with heart disease.
Symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes stabilization of vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness.. For seizures, benzodiazepines such as diazepam (0.5-2 mg/kg i.v.) or midazolam are used. Fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is important to promote the excretion of toxins via the kidneys (forced diuresisDiuresis is the increase in urine excretion by the kidneys. It is a natural process for removing excess water and waste products from the body.) and to stabilize the circulation. Cooling measures are indicated for hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention..
Monitoring of heart function using continuous ECG is recommended in severe poisoning. Antiarrhythmics such as lidocaine or beta-blockers can be used for arrhythmias. Oxygen therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. should be performed for shortness of breath or cyanosisCyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by an inadequate oxygen supply to the blood. It can be a sign of heart, lung, or blood diseases.. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be required.
Prognosis & follow-up care
The prognosis of Angel’s Trumpet poisoning depends largely on the amount of toxin ingested, the time until the start of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. and the intensity of the therapeutic measures. With early and adequate treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is favorable in most cases. Animals that survive within the first 24–48 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. have a good chance of complete recovery without long-term damage.
In severe poisoning with pronounced neurological symptoms, especially if seizures or unconsciousness have occurred, the prognosis should be more cautious. Complications such as aspiration pneumonia from vomiting, kidney failureRenal failure is a condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately perform their function of filtering and excreting waste products from the blood. It can be acute or chronic and requires immediate medical treatment. from dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse. or cardiac arrhythmias can negatively affect the course of the disease.
Follow-up care after surviving Angel’s Trumpet poisoning includes regular check-ups to detect possible organ damage early. The kidney and liver function should be monitored primarily by blood tests. An ECG can be useful to rule out latentLatent refers to a state in which a disease or infection is present in the body, but does not yet show any visible symptoms. Latent infections can become active under certain conditions. cardiac arrhythmias.
Pet owners should be informed that Angel’s Trumpet and other nightshade plants should be removed from the animals’ environment to avoid re-poisoning. Alternatives for garden design are non-toxic ornamental plants such as hibiscus, roses or certain types of hydrangeas.
Research outlook
Research in the field of plant poisoning in pets is continuously evolving. Current studies focus on improving diagnostic methods for the rapid and reliable detection of tropane alkaloids in biological samples. New analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with massIn pathology, the term "mass" is used to describe an abnormal lump or growth in the body. A mass can form in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or even inside the body. The causes can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). spectrometry (HPLC-MS) enable more precise quantification of toxins and could also be used in routine veterinary diagnostics in the future.
Another research focus is on the development of more specific antidotes with fewer side effects than the currently used cholinesterase inhibitorsCholinesterase inhibitors are medications that block the activity of the cholinesterase enzyme, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, as well as certain muscle activity disorders.. Modified physostigmine derivatives or novel anticholinergic antagonists could enable safer and more effective treatment in the future.
Research into individual factors that influence sensitivity to tropane alkaloids is also gaining importance. Genetic differences in the metabolism of these substances could explain why some animals react more sensitively than others. These findings could lead to personalized treatment protocols tailored to the specific needs of the individual animal.
Finally, research is increasingly dedicated to the development of training methods and deterrents to prevent pets from eating toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants. Behavior modification techniques and natural repellents could play an important role in the prevention of plant poisonings in the future.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- How quickly do the symptoms of Angel’s Trumpet poisoning appear in my pet?
The first symptoms usually appear within 30–60 minutes after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of the plant and can last up to 24–48 hours. - What amounts of Angel’s Trumpet are toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to my pet?
Even small amounts can be toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes.. In dogs, a few leaves or a flower may be enough to cause poisoning symptoms. Cats are even more sensitive due to their lower body weight. - Are certain pets more susceptible to Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
Young, curious dogs are particularly at risk. Cats are less likely to be affected due to their more selective eating habits, but can also be poisoned. - Can my pet die from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
Yes, untreated severe poisoning can lead to death from respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.. However, with timely veterinary treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is usually good. - How can I protect my pet from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
The safest method is not to plant Angel’s Trumpets and other toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants in gardens that pets have access to. Alternatively, barriers can be erected or the animals can be supervised. - Are there differences in the toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. of different Angel’s Trumpet species?
Yes, the content of tropane alkaloids can vary between different species and even between individual plants. However, all species of the genus Brugmansia are to be classified as highly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes.. - Can poisoning symptoms also occur with a delay?
The symptoms usually appear quickly, but some neurological symptoms may appear with a delay, especially if only small amounts were ingested initially. - How long does it take to recover from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
In mild to moderate poisoning, complete recovery can take 2–3 days. In severe poisoning with organ damage, recovery can take several weeks. - Are there long-term consequences after surviving poisoning?
With adequate treatment, long-term consequences are rare. However, in severe cases, neurological damage or organ damage, mainly to the kidneys and liver, can remain. - Is it possible for my pet to develop a tolerance to the toxins in Angel’s Trumpet?
No, animals do not develop a tolerance to tropane alkaloids. Each re-exposureRe-exposure refers to renewed Contact with an allergen, toxin, or pathogen after previous exposure. In dogs and cats, this can lead to a renewed or intensified reaction, especially in cases of allergies or sensitivities. can lead to poisoning, which may be more severe than the previous one.
Literature
Burrows, G. E. and Tyrl, R. J., 2013. Toxic Plants of North America. 2nd Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gwaltney-Brant, S. M., 2021. Plant Poisonings in Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 51(6), pages 1195–1212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.06.005 [Accessed July 6, 2025].
- Krenzelok, E. P. and Mrvos, R., 2021. ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plant ingestions in companion animals: A comprehensive review of prevention and management strategies. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 31(2), pages 141–152. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13045 [Accessed July 6, 2025].
- Löwe, G. and Löwe, O., 2021. Poisoning in Dogs and Cats – A Veterinary Guide. 2nd edition. Kreuztal: Kynos-Verlag. 208 pages.
- Osweiler, G. D., 2011. Toxicology of Domestic Animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Peterson, M. E. and Talcott, P. A., 2022. Small Animal Toxicology. 4th Edition. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0323546331.
- Plumlee, K. H., 2019. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd Edition. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323595391.