Angel’s Trumpet (Brugmansia Suaveolens)
Definition
The angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and is classified as highly toxic (+++) due to its high concentration of tropane alkaloids. These trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often cultivated in gardens as ornamental plants, pose a significant danger to our pets. The most important toxic substances in the angel’s trumpet are atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which belong to the group of tropane alkaloids. These toxins are contained in all parts of the plant, with the highest concentrations found in seeds and flowers. Even the ingestion of small amounts can lead to serious poisoning symptoms in dogs and cats.
The most important facts at a glance
The angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) is one of the highly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants and poses a significant danger to dogs and cats. The tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine) it contains have an anticholinergic effect and lead to characteristic poisoning symptoms such as mydriasis, dry mucous membranes, tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., neurological disorders, and in severe cases, Seizures and RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system..
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on the medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., the clinical picture, and supporting laboratory tests. TherapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. measures, the administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body., specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. with physostigmine in severe poisonings, and symptomatic measures to stabilize vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness.. With early and adequate treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is favorable in most cases, while severe poisonings can be life-threatening.
Preventive measures such as removing toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants from the animals’ environment are crucial to avoid poisoning. Pet owners should be informed about the dangers of the angel’s trumpet and other toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants and should seek immediate veterinary help in case of poisoning.
Causes, development and progression
The angel’s trumpet shares its toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. properties with other nightshade plants such as Jimson weed (Datura), nightshade (Solanum), deadly nightshade (Atropa), scopolia (Scopolia), mandrake (Mandragora), and henbane (Hyoscamus). In all these plants, the poisoning mechanism is similar and is based on the anticholinergic effect of the tropane alkaloids they contain. The heart and nervous system are particularly damaged.
Initially, agitationAgitation refers to a state of increased Restlessness or nervous activity that can be caused in dogs and cats by pain, fear, neurological disorders, or other medical problems. and Seizures occur, followed later by movement disorders, ParalysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system., and shortness of breath. Paralysis of the muscles in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and urinary tract leads to constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues. and difficulty urinating. In human medicine, the ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of just a few flowers or leaves is already considered toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes..
Poisoning by angel’s trumpet usually occurs through oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of plant parts. Dogs and cats may chew on or eat the plants out of curiosity or boredom. After oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., tropane alkaloids are rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and distributed throughout the body tissues. Excretion later occurs partially unchanged via the kidneys.
The risk of poisoning is particularly high during the flowering period of the angel’s trumpet from June to October, but can exist all year round if the plant is kept as a houseplant. While cats are less frequently affected due to their more selective eating habits, young, inexperienced dogs in particular tend to explore and eat plant parts. Animals with certain pre-existing conditions, especially of the heart or nervous system, also have an increased risk of serious complications from angel’s trumpet intoxication / poisoningIntoxication / poisoning refers to poisoning caused by the intake of toxic substances. This can be caused by medications, drugs, chemicals, or other poisons and often requires medical treatment..
The mechanism of action of tropane alkaloids is based on their ability to inhibit the action of the neurotransmitterNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals from one neuron to the next across the synaptic cleft. They are essential for numerous functions of the nervous system, including mood, sleep, and motor skills. acetylcholine. Atropine blocks the muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAcetylcholine receptors are proteins on the surface of nerve and muscle cells that serve as binding sites for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are crucial for the transmission of nerve signals, especially in muscle contraction and in various areas of the nervous system., leading to an inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system. Scopolamine has a similar anticholinergic effect, but also has a strong depressant effect on the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. and can triggerA trigger is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction or state. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to emotional responses, such as fear or aggression, or medical conditions, such as seizures in dogs and cats. Seizures. Hyoscyamine, a form of atropine, also has a spasmolysisSpasmolysis is the relaxation of smooth muscle cells, leading to a reduction in muscle spasms. Spasmolytic drugs are used in dogs and cats to treat spasms in the gastrointestinal tract or other organs. effect and leads to dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils, but has stronger effects on the nervous system than atropine.
Mechanism of action
Atropine inhibits the action of the transmitter substance for nerve excitation between the nerve cell and other cells.
The name of the transmitter substance is acetylcholine. The effect is described as anticholinergic.
The anticholinergic effect is particularly noticeable in digestive processes (saliva secretion, tone in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and gallbladder), the heart, and the CNS (central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior.).
Scopolamine
Scopolamine has an anticholinergic effect like atropine. However, it has a strong depressant effect on the CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body. (central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior.) and leads to apathy. In some cases, Seizures are triggered.
Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine is a form of atropine. It also has a spasmolysisSpasmolysis is the relaxation of smooth muscle cells, leading to a reduction in muscle spasms. Spasmolytic drugs are used in dogs and cats to treat spasms in the gastrointestinal tract or other organs. effect and, like atropine, leads to dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils (mydriatic). It has less effect on the heart but leads to stronger effects on the nervous system.
When higher doses are absorbed, it initially has an excitatory effect on the CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body. (central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior.), leading up to Seizures.
In cases of severe intoxication / poisoningIntoxication / poisoning refers to poisoning caused by the intake of toxic substances. This can be caused by medications, drugs, chemicals, or other poisons and often requires medical treatment., muscle relaxation, a drop in body temperature, and ultimately a comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems. occur.
Death occurs through central RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system..
In humans, the LD is 50–100 mg.
The angel’s trumpet (genus Brugmansia) belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and contains highly potent tropane alkaloids. These alkaloids have a toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect on the central and peripheralPeripheral refers to areas located outside the central part of a system or body. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or tissues that are distant from central organs such as the heart or brain. nervous system and lead to severe poisoning in dogs and cats, even in small amounts.
The toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. active substances of the plant are:
- Atropine
- Scopolamine
- Hyoscyamine
These substances are found in all parts of the plant, but are particularly concentrated in the seeds and flowers. Even a few grams of the plant can cause significant intoxication / poisoningIntoxication / poisoning refers to poisoning caused by the intake of toxic substances. This can be caused by medications, drugs, chemicals, or other poisons and often requires medical treatment..
Pharmacological mechanism of action
The mentioned tropane alkaloids are competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAcetylcholine receptors are proteins on the surface of nerve and muscle cells that serve as binding sites for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are crucial for the transmission of nerve signals, especially in muscle contraction and in various areas of the nervous system. (mAChR) in the parasympathetic nervous system. This means:
- They block the action of acetylcholine, one of the most important messenger substances of the autonomic nervous system.
- This leads to an inhibition of parasympathetic reactions and thus to a predominance of sympatheticIn medicine, sympathetic refers to the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, among other things. effects in the body.
Specifically, this means:
- DilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils (mydriasis)
- Increased heart rate (tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems.)
- Inhibition of saliva and gastric juice secretion → dry mucous membranes
- Reduced intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. motility → constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues., Flatulence
- Urinary retention due to detrusor relaxation
- Stimulation of the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. → Restlessness, Hallucinations, Convulsions
Scopolamine also has a strong central depressant effect and can lead to Disorientation, impaired consciousness, and comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.. Atropine primarily has peripheralPeripheral refers to areas located outside the central part of a system or body. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or tissues that are distant from central organs such as the heart or brain. effects, but in toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. doses, it also has CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body. (central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior.) effects.
Specific effect in dogs
- Dogs often show a mixture of central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. stimulation and vegetative disinhibition:
- Restlessness, Nervousness, hallucinatory behavior
- Dry mucous membranes, Panting, oversized pupils
- Palpitations, circulatory instability
- In severe cases: Seizures, comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems., RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.
Specific effect in cats
- Cats are particularly sensitive to tropane alkaloids, both peripherally and centrally:
- Sudden behavioral changes, states of AgitationAgitation refers to a state of increased Restlessness or nervous activity that can be caused in dogs and cats by pain, fear, neurological disorders, or other medical problems. or apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest.
- hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. due to lack of sweat secretion and central nervous decoupling of temperature regulation
- Trembling, Coordination disorders, Muscle twitching
- Seizures, collapse, respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment.
Cats also show signs of central nervous overstimulation more quickly, with visual Hallucinations (so-called “hunting flying insects”) and massive Disorientation.
Summary of the mechanism of action
| System | ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect of tropane alkaloids |
| Central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. | AgitationAgitation refers to a state of increased Restlessness or nervous activity that can be caused in dogs and cats by pain, fear, neurological disorders, or other medical problems. (atropine), depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment. (scopolamine), Hallucinations, Convulsions |
| Eyes | Pupil dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). (mydriasis), sensitivity to light |
| Cardiovascular system | tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., increase or decrease in blood pressure, arrhythmias |
| GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract | Dry mouth, reduced gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. motility, constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues. |
| Urogenital system | Urinary retention due to detrusor inhibition |
| Temperature regulation | hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. due to central and peripheralPeripheral refers to areas located outside the central part of a system or body. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or tissues that are distant from central organs such as the heart or brain. inhibition of cholinergic pathways |
Symptoms of intoxication
Saliva production decreased
IntestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. peristalsis inhibited (spasmolysisSpasmolysis is the relaxation of smooth muscle cells, leading to a reduction in muscle spasms. Spasmolytic drugs are used in dogs and cats to treat spasms in the gastrointestinal tract or other organs., intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. sluggishness)
Urinary retention
Gallbladder tone reduced
DilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils
tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems. (increased heart rate)
AgitationAgitation refers to a state of increased Restlessness or nervous activity that can be caused in dogs and cats by pain, fear, neurological disorders, or other medical problems.
Disorientation
apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest.
Seizures
RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.
The clinical signs of angel’s trumpet poisoning in dogs and cats can be very diverse and usually appear within 30 to 60 minutes after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.. The symptoms reflect the anticholinergic effect of the tropane alkaloids and affect several organ systems:
In the digestive tract, there is reduced saliva production with dry mucous membranes, inhibited intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. peristalsis (spasmolysis), and resulting constipationConstipation is another word for infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard and difficult to pass. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by diet, lack of exercise, or underlying health issues.. Reduced motility of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract can lead to Nausea and Vomiting, the latter usually occurring only at the beginning of the poisoning.
In the urogenital tract, the poisoning manifests as urinary retention due to reduced bladder contraction. The tone of the gallbladder is also reduced, which can lead to disturbances in bile metabolism.
The effects on the nervous system and the eyes are particularly characteristic. Affected animals show clear mydriasis (pupil dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease).), which affects both eyes symmetrically and does not react to light. Paradoxical reactions can occur in the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior.: initially, animals often show states of AgitationAgitation refers to a state of increased Restlessness or nervous activity that can be caused in dogs and cats by pain, fear, neurological disorders, or other medical problems., Restlessness, Disorientation, and Coordination disorders; later, apathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest., Seizures, and finally unconsciousness may follow.
Cardiovascular symptoms include tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems. (increased heart rate) and arrhythmias. The mucous membranes may appear pale or cyanoticCyanotic refers to the presence of cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes, indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood. due to circulatory changes. In severe cases, hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention. (increased body temperature) can occur because sweat production is inhibited and heat regulation is disturbed.
RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. problems manifest as shallow, rapid breathing, which can lead to central RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system. as the poisoning progresses, ultimately being the cause of death.
Diagnosis
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of angel’s trumpet poisoning is initially based on the medical history and the clinical picture. If the pet owner has observed their animal eating parts of an angel’s trumpet, or if typical plant remains are found in the vomit, this is an important diagnostic clue. The characteristic symptom pattern with mydriasis, dry mucous membranes, tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., and neurological abnormalities supports the suspected diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..
Laboratory tests can help assess the severity of the poisoning and identify complications. A complete blood count and blood chemistry should be performed to check liver and kidney function, as these organs are involved in the metabolism and eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. of toxins. Electrolyte imbalances, especially potassiumPotassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is important for the function of nerves and muscles, including the heart muscle. Potassium also helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure. and sodiumSodium is a vital electrolyte that plays a key role in regulating water balance, blood pressure, and nerve and muscle activity. Unbalanced sodium levels can lead to various health problems in dogs and cats. changes, can occur and should be monitored.
An ECG is indicated if Cardiac arrhythmiaAn arrhythmia is a heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular pattern. Arrhythmias can be harmless or a sign of serious heart problems. is suspected and can show tachycardiaTachycardia refers to an unusually fast heartbeat with a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. It can indicate physical exertion, stress, illness, or heart problems., extrasystoles, or other arrhythmias. In severe cases, a blood gas analysis may be necessary to assess the acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems. and oxygen supply.
Direct detection of tropane alkaloids in the blood or urine is rarely available in routine diagnostics but can be performed in specialized laboratories. In practice, however, this detection is usually not necessary as therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is symptom-oriented.
Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis is the process of weighing two or more conditions that cause similar symptoms to determine the specific cause of a patient's symptoms. must consider other anticholinergic poisonings (e.g., by certain medications such as antihistaminesAntihistamines are medications that block the effects of histamine in the body, thereby alleviating allergic reactions. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Itching, Skin inflammation, and other allergy symptoms. or tricyclic antidepressants), as well as neurological diseases such as epilepsy or meningoencephalitis.
Therapeutic principles
The cholinesterase inhibitorsCholinesterase inhibitors are medications that block the activity of the cholinesterase enzyme, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, as well as certain muscle activity disorders. physostigmine can be used as an antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects..
By inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, physostigmine reverses the effect of atropine, so that more acetylcholine is available again and for a longer period of time.
PrimaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. should take place as quickly as possible and consistently include all sensible measures.
These include inducing Vomiting, provided the animal is responsive and no Seizures are present, as well as gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound..
Subsequently, activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. should be given repeatedly. Increasing intestinal passage after the administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. accelerates eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin..
Secondary toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin., i.e., the eliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. of already absorbed toxins, is achieved by increasing urine formation through volume substitution and the use of special medications (forced diuresisDiuresis is the increase in urine excretion by the kidneys. It is a natural process for removing excess water and waste products from the body.).
Symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. serves to stabilize vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness. and combat distressing symptoms such as Seizures, persistent Vomiting, or Pain.
The treatment of angel’s trumpet poisoning requires a rapid and comprehensive therapeutic approach. The primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. measure is decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. to prevent further absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi.. If ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. occurred less than 1–2 hours ago and the animal is conscious and showing no Convulsions, inducing Vomiting by administering apomorphine (dog) or xylazine (cat) may be useful. Inducing Vomiting is contraindicated in animals with impaired consciousness or if Seizures are present.
Gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound. under anesthesia can be considered if inducing Vomiting was unsuccessful or is contraindicated. Following these measures, activated charcoal should be administered several times (1–4 g/kg body weight every 4–6 hours) to reduce the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of toxins still in the intestine. The administration of laxativesLaxatives are medications that ease the passage / transit of stool through the intestines. They are used in dogs and cats to treat constipation by softening the stool or stimulating bowel movements. such as sodiumSodium is a vital electrolyte that plays a key role in regulating water balance, blood pressure, and nerve and muscle activity. Unbalanced sodium levels can lead to various health problems in dogs and cats. sulfate accelerates intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. passage and thus the excretion of toxins.
As a specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. in severe poisonings, the cholinesterase inhibitorsCholinesterase inhibitors are medications that block the activity of the cholinesterase enzyme, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, as well as certain muscle activity disorders. physostigmine can be used, which can cross the blood-brain barrierThe blood-brain barrier is a protective barrier between the blood vessels in the brain and the brain tissue. It prevents most substances in the bloodstream from entering the brain tissue, but allows nutrients and oxygen to pass through. and thus also antagonize central anticholinergic effects. The dosage is 0.02-0.06 mg/kg i.v. slowly. The effect begins within minutes but only lasts for about 1–2 hours, so repeated doses may be necessary. Physostigmine should be used with caution as it can itself have toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effects, especially in case of overdose or in animals with heart disease.
Symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes the stabilization of vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness.. For Seizures, benzodiazepines such as diazepam (0.5-2 mg/kg i.v.) or midazolam are used. Fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is important to promote the excretion of toxins via the kidneys (forced diuresisDiuresis is the increase in urine excretion by the kidneys. It is a natural process for removing excess water and waste products from the body.) and to stabilize the circulation. For hyperthermiaHyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by overheating, Fever, or certain diseases, and often requires urgent medical attention., cooling measures are indicated.
Monitoring heart function using continuous ECG is recommended in severe poisonings. For arrhythmias, antiarrhythmics such as lidocaine or beta blockers may be used. Oxygen therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. should be performed in case of shortness of breath or cyanosisCyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by an inadequate oxygen supply to the blood. It can be a sign of heart, lung, or blood diseases.. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be required.
Prognosis & follow-up care
The prognosis of angel’s trumpet poisoning depends significantly on the amount of toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. ingested, the time until the start of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., and the intensity of the therapeutic measures. With early and adequate treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is favorable in most cases. Animals that survive the first 24–48 hours after toxin ingestion have a good chance of full recovery without long-term damage.
In severe poisonings with pronounced neurological symptoms, especially if Seizures or unconsciousness have occurred, the prognosis should be more cautious. Complications such as aspiration pneumonia due to Vomiting, renal failure due to dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse., or Cardiac arrhythmiaAn arrhythmia is a heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular pattern. Arrhythmias can be harmless or a sign of serious heart problems. can negatively influence the course of the disease.
Aftercare following a survived angel’s trumpet poisoning includes regular follow-up examinations to detect possible organ damage early. Mainly, kidney and liver function should be monitored through blood tests. An ECG may be useful to rule out latent Cardiac arrhythmiaAn arrhythmia is a heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular pattern. Arrhythmias can be harmless or a sign of serious heart problems..
Pet owners should be informed that angel’s trumpet and other nightshade plants should be removed from the animals’ environment to avoid re-poisoning. Alternatives for garden design are non-toxic ornamental plants such as hibiscus, roses, or certain types of hydrangeas.
Research outlook
Research in the field of plant poisoning in pets is continuously evolving. Current studies focus on improving diagnostic methods for the rapid and reliable detection of tropane alkaloids in biological samples. New analytical procedures such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with massIn pathology, the term "mass" is used to describe an abnormal lump or growth in the body. A mass can form in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or even inside the body. The causes can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). spectrometry (HPLC-MS) allow for more precise quantification of toxins and could be used in routine veterinary diagnostics in the future.
Another research focus is the development of more specific antidotes with fewer side effects than the currently used cholinesterase inhibitorsCholinesterase inhibitors are medications that block the activity of the cholinesterase enzyme, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. They are used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, as well as certain muscle activity disorders.. Modified physostigmine derivatives or novel anticholinergic antagonists could enable safer and more effective treatment in the future.
Research into individual factors that influence sensitivity to tropane alkaloids is also gaining importance. Genetic differences in the metabolism of these substances could explain why some animals react more sensitively than others. These findings could lead to personalized treatment protocols tailored to the specific needs of the individual animal.
Finally, research is increasingly dedicated to developing training methods and deterrents to keep pets from eating toxic plants. Behavior modification techniques and natural repellents could play an important role in the prevention of plant poisonings in the future.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- How quickly do the symptoms of Angel’s Trumpet poisoning appear in my pet?
The first symptoms usually appear within 30–60 minutes after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of the plant and can last up to 24–48 hours. - What amounts of Angel’s Trumpet are toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to my pet?
Even small amounts can be toxic. In dogs, a few leaves or one flower can be enough to cause poisoning symptoms. Cats are even more sensitive due to their lower body weight. - Are certain pets more susceptible to Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
Young, curious dogs are particularly at risk. Cats are less frequently affected due to their more selective eating habits, but can be poisoned just as well. - Can my pet die from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
Yes, untreated severe poisonings can lead to death through RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.. However, with timely veterinary treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is usually good. - How can I protect my pet from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
The safest method is not to plant angel’s trumpets and other toxic plants in gardens to which pets have access. Alternatively, barriers can be erected or the animals can be supervised. - Are there differences in the toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. of different Angel’s Trumpet species?
Yes, the content of tropane alkaloids can vary between different species and even between individual plants. However, all species of the genus Brugmansia are to be classified as highly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes.. - Can poisoning symptoms also occur with a delay?
The symptoms usually appear quickly, but some neurological symptoms may appear with a delay, especially if only small amounts were ingested initially. - How long does it take to recover from Angel’s Trumpet poisoning?
In mild to moderate poisonings, full recovery can take 2–3 days. In severe poisonings with organ damage, recovery can take several weeks. - Are there long-term consequences after surviving poisoning?
With adequate treatment, long-term consequences are rare. In severe cases, however, neurological damage or organ damage, mainly to the kidneys and liver, may remain. - Is it possible for my pet to develop a tolerance to the toxins in Angel’s Trumpet?
No, animals do not develop a tolerance to tropane alkaloids. Every new exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. can lead to poisoning, which may be more severe than the previous one.
Literature
Burrows, G. E. and Tyrl, R. J., 2013. Toxic Plants of North America. 2nd Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gwaltney-Brant, S. M., 2021. Plant Poisonings in Small Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 51(6), pages 1195–1212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.06.005 [Accessed July 6, 2025].
- Krenzelok, E. P. and Mrvos, R., 2021. ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plant ingestions in companion animals: A comprehensive review of prevention and management strategies. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 31(2), pages 141–152. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13045 [Accessed July 6, 2025].
- Löwe, G. and Löwe, O., 2021. Poisoning in dogs and cats – A veterinary Guides. 2nd Edition. Kreuztal: Kynos-Verlag. 208 pages.
- Osweiler, G. D., 2011. Toxicology of Domestic Animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Peterson, M. E. and Talcott, P. A., 2022. Small Animal Toxicology. 4th edition. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0323546331.
- Plumlee, K. H., 2019. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd Edition. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323595391.