Autumn Crocus (Colchicum Autumnale)
The autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) is one of the highly toxic plants in Central Europe and poses a serious threat to our pets. This perennial plant from the Colchicaceae family is particularly insidious because it appears both in autumn with its purple flowers and in spring with its green, tulip-like leaves. All parts of the plant contain the highly effective alkaloid colchicine, with the highest concentrations found in the seeds and tubers. The toxicity of the autumn crocus is classified as +++ (very high).
Colchicine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral ingestion and quickly distributed throughout body tissues. The substance acts as a potent cell poison by inhibiting cell division through binding to tubulin, thereby preventing the formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Tissues with a high cell division rate, such as the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and the bone marrow, are particularly affected. The therapeutic window of colchicine is extremely narrow, meaning that the gap between effective and toxic doses is very small.
The most important facts at a glance
Autumn crocus poisoning represents a life-threatening emergency for dogs and cats. The alkaloid colchicine, contained in all parts of the plant, acts as a potent cell poison that primarily damages tissues with a high cell division rate, such as the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. and bone marrow. The course of poisoning is characterized by an initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. phase with vomiting and diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., followed by systemic effects leading to multi-organ failureMultiple organ failure is a serious condition in which several vital organ systems fail simultaneously. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by severe illness, injury, or as a result of toxicity, and is often life-threatening..
DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on anamnesis, clinical picture, and laboratory changes. Since no specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. exists, therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. consists of decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection., intensive symptomatic treatment, and careful monitoring. Despite optimal treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is cautious, and the recovery phase can extend over weeks.
For pet owners, preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is of utmost importance. This includes recognizing the plant in its various growth stages and avoiding areas where autumn crocus is found. Special caution is advised in autumn during its flowering season and in spring during leaf development.
Causes, development and progression
Initially, the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract is primarily damaged. Later, multi-organ failureMultiple organ failure is a serious condition in which several vital organ systems fail simultaneously. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by severe illness, injury, or as a result of toxicity, and is often life-threatening. must be considered. Furthermore, inhibition of blood formation in the bone marrow, combined with coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders, occurs. This is followed by damage to the nervous system.
A small portion is excreted via the kidneys. The majority is metabolized in the liver and excreted via bile. Partial reabsorption occurs in the intestine (enterohepatic circulation).
Supplement
Poisoning in dogs and cats typically occurs from directly eating the plant. Dogs are more frequently affected than cats, as they are more prone to eating or chewing plant parts during walks. The risk of poisoning exists during two seasons: in autumn (September to November), when the characteristic purple flowers appear, and in spring (March to May), when the leaves sprout, which can easily be mistaken for wild garlic.
Even small amounts of the plant can cause severe poisoning symptoms. In cats, the LD50 (the dose at which 50% of exposed animals die) for colchicine is approximately 0.125 mg/kg body weight. For dogs, no exact data exists, but a similar sensitivity is assumed. For comparison: in humans, a single intake of 0.5 mg colchicine/kg body weight already leads to a mortalityMortality is the death rate within a population over a specific period. It is often used to assess the severity of diseases or the effectiveness of health measures. rate of about 10%.
The autumn crocus primarily grows in moist meadows, at forest edges, and in floodplains. Owners should be aware of these areas and supervise their animals particularly well there. The plant can also occur as an ornamental plant in gardens, which increases the risk for pets.
Mechanism of action
Colchicine is a cell poison. It inhibits cell division. It also accumulates in white blood cells (leukocytes).
In white blood cells, colchicine at higher concentrations induces the cleavage of proteins.
These intracellular structural changes affect the flexibility of leukocytesLeukocytes, or white blood cells, are part of the immune system and play a central role in defending against infections and foreign substances. There are different types of leukocytes, each with specific functions. and thus their penetrationPenetration describes the entry or permeation of a substance or organism into a body or material. In medicine, it can refer to the penetration of microorganisms into tissues or the insertion of instruments into the body. into capillariesCapillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting arteries and veins. They facilitate the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues. and tissue spaces. The result is a reduced level of inflammatory mediators in these areas and a reduction in inflammatory processes.
These mechanisms led to its use as a medication, for example, in gout diseases.
In the CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body., colchicine also causes a lowering of body temperature.
The therapeutic window is narrow and is quickly exceeded when autumn crocus is ingested.
Due to the principle of inhibiting cell division, damage first occurs in tissues and organs with a high cell division rate.
This affects the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and blood formation in the bone marrow.
In humans, a single intake of 0.5 mg colchicine/kg body weight is associated with a 10% mortalityMortality is the death rate within a population over a specific period. It is often used to assess the severity of diseases or the effectiveness of health measures. rate.
The following information applies to humans:
- Dose <0.5 mg/kg BW GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms, decrease in coagulation factorsCoagulation factors are proteins in the blood that are essential for blood coagulation. They work together to stop Bleeding by forming a blood clot. Disorders or deficiencies in coagulation factors can lead to bleeding problems in dogs and cats., no fatalities * Dose 0.5-0.8 mg/kg body weight – additionally bone marrow depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment., no fatalities * Dose >0.8 mg/kg body weight – additionally hair loss, fatalities 10–50%, additional circulatory failure, fatalities 100%
The LD50 in cats for oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. intake of colchicine is stated as 0.125 mg/kg body weight.
Symptoms of intoxication
First symptoms appear approximately 2–5 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of the plants.
InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. signs are:
- Drooling
- Vomiting, sometimes bloody
- AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. cramps
- DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., sometimes bloody
In the further course
- Dizziness
- Seizures
- Breathing difficulties
- Fever
- Anämie
Organ damage affects
- Leber
- Kidneys
- Bone marrow (→ anemia)
- PancreasThe pancreas is an organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin. It plays an important role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. (insulininsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the entry of glucose into cells. insulin deficiency or impaired insulin action are key features of diabetes mellitus. secretion)
In the final stage, expect
- Disturbances of consciousness
- Coma
- Death due to multi-organ failureMultiple organ failure is a serious condition in which several vital organ systems fail simultaneously. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by severe illness, injury, or as a result of toxicity, and is often life-threatening.
The clinical signs of autumn crocus poisoning develop in several phases and typically begin 2–5 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of the plant. The course of poisoning can be divided into three stages:
In the first phase (2–24 hours after ingestion), gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms dominate. Animals show severe salivation, violent vomiting (often with blood), intense abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, and severe, sometimes bloody diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems.. These symptoms result from the direct damaging effect of colchicine on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Massive fluid loss can quickly lead to dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse. and electrolyte imbalances.
In the second phase (24–72 hours after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.), systemic effects come to the forefront. Animals develop fever, respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress, and neurological symptoms such as lethargy, coordination disorders, and seizures. Laboratory tests at this stage already show signs of incipient bone marrow depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment. with decreasing blood cell counts and coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders.
The third phase (3–7 days after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.) is characterized by multi-organ failureMultiple organ failure is a serious condition in which several vital organ systems fail simultaneously. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by severe illness, injury, or as a result of toxicity, and is often life-threatening.. Liver and kidney damage manifest as jaundice and decreased urine production. Bone marrow damage leads to severe anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia is a condition in which the number of platelets in the blood is lower than normal, increasing the risk of mild to severe Bleeding. with spontaneous bleeding. Neurological symptoms worsen to unconsciousness and comaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.. Without intensive treatment, death due to circulatory failure often occurs at this stage.
Diagnosis
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of autumn crocus poisoning is based on several pillars and requires a systematic approach. First and foremost is a thorough anamnesis, in which the veterinarian asks about possible contact with the plant. Information about walks in areas where autumn crocus occurs, as well as observation of the animal eating unknown plants, is particularly important.
The clinical examination shows the characteristic picture of acute gastroenteritis with dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse. and, depending on the stage of poisoning, neurological abnormalities. In the course, signs of a coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorder such as petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhages) on the mucous membranes or prolonged bleeding times may occur.
Laboratory tests are important for diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and monitoring the course. A complete blood count typically shows initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. leukocytosis (increased white blood cells), followed by leukopenia (decreased white blood cells) due to bone marrow damage. Blood chemistry indicates liver and kidney damage, with elevated liver enzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate specific chemical reactions in the body without being consumed. They play a crucial role in virtually all physiological processes. (ALT, AST, AP), bilirubinBilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. It is further processed in the liver and then excreted via the bile. Elevated bilirubin levels may indicate liver dysfunction or impaired bile excretion., as well as ureaUrea, also known as carbamide, is a waste product of protein metabolism in the body. It's formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys in urine. The urea level in the blood indicates kidney function. and creatinineCreatinine is a waste product that results from the breakdown of creatine, a chemical compound that provides energy in the muscles. The concentration of creatinine in the blood and urine is an important indicator of kidney function.. CoagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. parameters such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time are prolonged.
Direct detection of colchicine in blood or urine using chromatographic methods is possible but rarely performed in practice, as these tests are only available in specialized laboratories and the results often arrive too late for acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. therapeutic decisions.
Differential diagnoses include other plant poisonings (e.g., by yew, oleander, or lily of the valley), acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. infections, acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. pancreatitis, and heavy metal or pesticide poisonings.
Therapeutic principles
There is no specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects..
DecontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. by inducing vomiting and gastric lavage is of great importance in cases of recent ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems..
Afterwards, activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. is repeatedly used to counteract the effect of reabsorption of the poison after excretion via the bile (enterohepatic circulation). Bowel transit is accelerated by laxatives.
In cases of intractable vomiting, antiemeticsAntiemetics are medications used to prevent or treat Nausea and Vomiting. In dogs and cats, they are used in various situations, including after surgery, for motion sickness, or for certain conditions that cause Nausea. are used.
The subsequent symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. involves careful stabilization of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems. and prevents hypovolemic shock (volume depletion shock). PotassiumPotassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is important for the function of nerves and muscles, including the heart muscle. Potassium also helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure. supplementationSupplementation is the addition of nutrients, vitamins, or other substances to a normal diet to compensate for deficiencies or to support general health and well-being. In dogs and cats, supplementation may vary depending on their health condition and nutritional needs. prevents potassium deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. due to losses via the intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.. GlucoseGlucose is a simple sugar and the body's main source of energy. The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated to meet the energy needs of the cells. infusions stabilize the energy balance.
Supplements
There is no specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. for autumn crocus poisoning, which is why treatment is based on three main pillars: decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection., symptomatic therapy, and intensive medical monitoring.
DecontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. should be performed as quickly as possible after toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.. If presented within the first two hours, inducing vomiting with apomorphine (in dogs) or xylazine (in cats) may be beneficial. Gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound. under anesthesia may be considered for larger ingested amounts or in animals that do not vomit. Administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. (1–4 g/kg body weight) is particularly important and should be repeated several times at 4 to 6-hour intervals to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of colchicine. LaxativesLaxatives are medications that ease the passage / transit of stool through the intestines. They are used in dogs and cats to treat constipation by softening the stool or stimulating bowel movements. such as sodium sulfate accelerate intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. transit and reduce toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream..
Symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. initially includes aggressive fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. with crystalloid solutions to compensate for dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse. and promote renal excretion of the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi.. ElectrolytesElectrolytes are minerals in the body that carry an electric charge and perform vital functions such as regulating fluid balance, acid-base balance, and nerve and muscle activity. The main electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium., especially potassiumPotassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is important for the function of nerves and muscles, including the heart muscle. Potassium also helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure., must be regularly monitored and supplemented. For intractable vomiting, antiemeticsAntiemetics are medications used to prevent or treat Nausea and Vomiting. In dogs and cats, they are used in various situations, including after surgery, for motion sickness, or for certain conditions that cause Nausea. such as maropitant or ondansetron are used. Pain relievers such as butorphanol or buprenorphine alleviate abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain.
In case of signs of a coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorder, a transfusion of whole bloodWhole blood refers to blood in its natural composition, as it exists immediately after being drawn from the body, including all blood cells and plasma. or plasmaPlasma is the liquid part of blood in which blood cells are suspended. It contains water, salts, proteins, and other substances and serves as a transport medium for nutrients, hormones, and waste products. may be necessary. Antibiotics are used prophylactically to prevent bacterial secondary infections through the damaged intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients.. Hepatoprotectants such as S-adenosylmethionine or silymarin can be administered to support liver function.
Intensive medical monitoring with regular checks of vital parameters, acid-base balanceThe acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, which is important for maintaining the physiological pH in the blood and other bodily fluids. Imbalances can lead to serious health problems., and organ functions is required for several days. In severe cases, hemodialysis may be considered to remove the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi., although its effectiveness in colchicine poisoning is limited.
Prognosis & follow-up care
The prognosis should be made cautiously.
Recovery with appropriate intensive symptomatic therapy is possible but takes a longer time due to high tissue absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. in intoxication. Excretion can take more than 10 days.
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for autumn crocus poisoning must generally be classified as cautious to unfavorable. The course and chances of survival depend significantly on the ingested amount, the time until therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. begins, and the intensity of treatment.
Animals that are adequately treated within the first phase and primarily show gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms have a better prognosis. Once signs of bone marrow depression or multi-organ failureMultiple organ failure is a serious condition in which several vital organ systems fail simultaneously. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by severe illness, injury, or as a result of toxicity, and is often life-threatening. appear, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. significantly worsens. The mortalityMortality is the death rate within a population over a specific period. It is often used to assess the severity of diseases or the effectiveness of health measures. rate in severe poisonings can be 30–50% despite intensive therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions..
The recovery phase after surviving acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. poisoning is lengthy and can take weeks to months. Complete excretion of colchicine from the body can take more than 10 days. During this time, regular follow-up examinations are necessary to detect and treat possible long-term consequences early.
In aftercare, regular blood tests should be performed to monitor bone marrow recovery and liver and kidney function. A gentle, easily digestible diet supports the regeneration of the intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. mucosa. In cases of persistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. liver dysfunctionDysfunction refers to an impaired or abnormal function of an organ or system in the body. This can be due to diseases, disorders, or damage and can affect the quality of life., long-term hepatoprotective therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. may be necessary.
Owners must be informed that relapses or late effects can occur even after acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. poisoning has been overcome. Kidney damage, in particular, may only manifest weeks after poisoning, which is why long-term monitoring of kidney function is recommended.
Research outlook
Research into autumn crocus poisoning in small animals currently focuses on several promising areas. One key area is the development of specific antidotes that can directly interact with colchicine. Experimental studies using colchicine-specific antibodies have shown initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. positive results in animal models, but are still in the preclinical stage.
Modern extracorporeal blood purification procedures, such as hemoperfusion with special adsorption materials, are being investigated for their effectiveness in removing colchicine from the bloodstream. These methods could be a valuable addition to conventional therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., especially in severe poisoning cases.
In the field of biomarkers, researchers are looking for early indicators that can improve prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. assessment. Recent studies are investigating the role of microRNAs and specific proteins in the blood, which could enable early identification of animals at high risk of multi-organ failureMultiple organ failure is a serious condition in which several vital organ systems fail simultaneously. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by severe illness, injury, or as a result of toxicity, and is often life-threatening..
SupportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is also being further developed. The use of growth factors to stimulate bone marrow function and newer cytoprotective substances to protect organs from colchicine-induced damage are subjects of current investigations.
Improvements in diagnostic methods, particularly faster and more sensitive detection methods for colchicine in biological samples, could lead to earlier diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and thus improved treatment outcomes in the future.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- How do I recognize the autumn crocus and how do I distinguish it from similar plants?
The autumn crocus blooms in autumn with purple, crocus-like flowers, while its leaves only appear in spring. Unlike the true crocus, which blooms in spring, the autumn crocus has no white stripes on its petals. The leaves can be mistaken for wild garlic but are not aromatic and do not have a garlic smell. - How quickly do I need to act if my pet has eaten parts of the autumn crocus?
You should act immediately and consult a veterinarian. The first few hours are crucial for successful decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. and can mean the difference between life and death. - Can I induce vomiting at home as a first measure?
Self-medication is strongly discouraged. Instead, go to the vet immediately, who has the appropriate medications and methods to safely induce vomiting. - What quantities of autumn crocus are dangerous for my pet?
Even small amounts can be dangerous. In cats, the potentially fatal dose is approximately 0.125 mg of colchicine per kg of body weight, which can correspond to about 1–2 flowers or a small leaf. - How long does autumn crocus poisoning last?
The acuteAcute refers to a condition that occurs suddenly and is usually of short duration. In a medical context, it describes symptoms or illnesses that can quickly become serious and require immediate attention. course of poisoning extends over 5–7 days. However, full recovery can take weeks to months, depending on the severity of the poisoning and the organ systems affected. - Are there long-term consequences after surviving poisoning?
Yes, possible long-term consequences include chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. kidney or liver damage, persistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. digestive problems, and in rare cases, neurological deficits. Regular follow-up checks are important. - How can I protect my pet from autumn crocus poisoning?
Learn to recognize the plant at all growth stages. Avoid meadows and forest edges where the plant grows, especially in autumn and spring. Keep your dog on a leash when in affected areas. - Are certain dog breeds or age groups particularly at risk?
There are no breed-specific differences in sensitivity. Young, curious animals and those with pica syndromeA syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific disease or condition. A syndrome can be caused by various factors and is often complex in its diagnosis and treatment. (eating non-nutritive substances) have an increased risk. Small dogs and cats are more at risk due to their lower body weight for the same amount ingested. - Can the autumn crocus also be dangerous for humans?
Yes, the autumn crocus is also highly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to humans. Gloves should be worn when removing the plant, and hands should be thoroughly washed after contact. - Is autumn crocus poisoning covered by pet insurance?
Most pet insurance policies cover poisonings as emergencies. However, it is advisable to check the individual contract terms, as deductibles and maximum limits may vary.
Literature
- Anadón, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M. R., Ares, I., & Martínez, M. A. (2018). Poisonous plants of Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology (pp. 891-909). Academic Press.
- Milewski, L. M., & Khan, S. A. (2021). Plant toxicities in small animals: herbs and flowers. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 51(6), 1343-1368.
- Schmid, A., Schmid, H., & Sutor, V. (2020). Poisoning in small animals: Causes, symptoms, therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions.. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.
- Wagenaar, Z., & Kooistra, H. S. (2019). AccidentalAccidental means random or unintentional and refers to events or exposures that are not deliberate, such as the accidental swallowing of foreign objects or toxins by dogs and cats. colchicine poisoning in dogs: a retrospective study of 48 cases. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 29(3), 319-327.
- Anadón, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M. R., & Ares, I. (2018). Poisonous plants of Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology (pp. 891-909). Academic Press.
- Gwaltney-Brant, S. M. (2020). Colchicum autumnale intoxication: Current approaches to diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment in veterinary medicine. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 38, 100432.
- Löwe G, Löwe O. Poisoning in Dogs and Cats – A Veterinary Guide. 2nd edition. Kreuztal: Kynos-Verlag. 2021; 208 p.