Corneal Ulcer in Dogs (Ulcerative Keratitis / Corneal Ulcer)
- Occurrence: common
- Location of disease: Head/Neck
When to visit the vet?
Urgent see a veterinarian within 24 hours
If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.
Definition
A corneal ulcer (Ulcus corneae) is a painful wound or erosion on the cornea of a dog’s eye that can be caused by injuries, infections, or other conditions. A deep corneal ulcer is always an emergency (Immediate/Emergency).
The most important facts at a glance
A corneal ulcer (Ulcus corneae) in dogs results from damage to the cornea, which protects the eye and focuses light. Causes are often physical traumas, infections, or dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca). Certain breeds, such as bulldogs, are more susceptible due to their anatomy. Symptoms include increased blinking, redness, Swelling, and eye discharge. Diagnosis requires an ophthalmic exam, often with a fluorescein test to make ulcers visible. If necessary, swabs or imaging procedures are used to identify infections and assess the extent of the damage.
Treatment depends on the cause and severity and includes antibiotic eye drops or ointments as well as anti-inflammatory medications. In severe cases or for infections, systemic antibiotic therapy may be necessary. Surgical procedures are possible for deep ulcers. The prognosis is good with early treatment, but untreated cases can lead to complications such as Scar tissue formation or vision loss. Prevention includes regular eye exams, keeping the eyes clean, and trimming facial hair in susceptible breeds. Good care and nutrition support the immune system and reduce infection risks. For chronic eye problems, regular eye drops or ointments are important.
Causes
The cornea is the transparent layer that covers the eye and plays a crucial role in protecting the inner structures of the eye and focusing light. It consists of several layers, including the epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, the stroma, and Descemet’s membrane. A corneal ulcer occurs when these layers, particularly the epithelium, are damaged and an ulcer forms.
The causes of a corneal ulcer in dogs are varied. The most common include physical traumas caused by scratches, foreign bodies, or chemical influences. Infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi can also lead to ulcers, especially if the dog’s immune system is weakened.
Another important factor is dryness of the eyes, known as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), which makes the cornea susceptible to ulcers. Dogs of certain breeds, such as bulldogs or Pekingese, have an increased risk of corneal ulcers due to their facial anatomy.
Symptoms
Dogs with a corneal ulcer often show signs of discomfort and Pain in the affected eye. They may blink more frequently or squint (blepharospasm), and there may be increased tearing.
Another common symptom is conjunctival hyperemia (conjunctivitis) and a visible cloudiness or milky spot on the cornea. In severe cases, pus formation and significant swelling of the eye may occur.
Behavioral changes such as irritability or loss of appetite may also occur, as the corneal ulcer is painful and impairs the dog’s well-being.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a corneal ulcer requires a thorough ophthalmic examination by a veterinarian. An important diagnostic tool is the fluorescein test, where a special dye is applied to the cornea to make ulcers visible.
The veterinarian will also examine the entire eye structure to rule out other possible causes such as foreign bodies or underlying infections. In some cases, a swab or culture may be taken to identify the type of infection, especially if standard treatment is not effective.
Imaging procedures such as ultrasound or special optical devices might be used to better assess the depth and extent of the ulcer and to ensure there are no further complications.
Therapy
Treatment for a corneal ulcer depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In most cases, therapy includes antibiotic eye drops or ointments to fight bacterial infections and anti-inflammatory medications to relieve Pain and Inflammatory conditions.
In severe cases, or if the ulcer is due to an infection that does not respond to topical treatments, systemic therapy with antibiotics may be necessary. For dry eyes, regular use of artificial tears or other moisturizing eye drops may be required.
Sometimes surgery is necessary, especially if the ulcer is deep or the cornea has been perforated by a foreign body or a severe infection. Techniques such as keratoplasty or conjunctival flap surgery can be used to repair the cornea and promote healing.
Prognosis and follow-up care
The prognosis for a corneal ulcer in dogs depends on the severity of the condition and how quickly it is treated. In most cases, if the ulcer is detected and treated early, the prognosis is good and the cornea can heal without permanent damage.
However, in severe or long-untreated cases, there is a risk of complications such as scar tissue formation, which can lead to visual disturbances, or in extreme cases, loss of the eye. Regular follow-up care is crucial to monitor the healing process and minimize the risk of recurrence.
Prevention
The prevention of corneal ulcers in dogs involves several approaches. Regular eye exams, especially for breeds prone to eye problems, can help detect and treat issues early.
It is important to keep the dog’s eyes clean and free of foreign objects. In dogs with protruding eyes or long hair on their face, trimming the fur around the eyes can help prevent irritation and injury.
Good general care and nutrition support the dog’s immune system and can help prevent infections that can lead to a corneal ulcer. For dogs suffering from KCS or other chronic eye problems, regular and consistent use of prescribed eye drops or ointments is essential.