Renal Adenocarcinoma (Kidney Cancer) in Dogs
- Occurrence: rarer
- Location of disease: Abdomen/pelvis
When to visit the vet?
Non-urgent see a veterinarian within 2–3 days
If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.
Definition
Renal adenocarcinoma, also known as kidney cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas., is a malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. neoplasiaNeoplasia refers to the uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues, leading to the formation of a neoplasm or tumor. Neoplasias can be benign or malignant and require accurate diagnostic evaluation and treatment. that develops from the glandular epithelial cellsEpithelial cells are the cells that make up epithelial tissue. They line the outer surfaces of the body, as well as internal cavities, ducts, and organs, and perform functions such as protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. of the renal parenchyma. This tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. type belongs to the group of primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. renal tumors and accounts for approximately 60–85% of all malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. renal neoplasias in dogs. Histologically, adenocarcinoma is characterized by atypical epithelial cellsEpithelial cells are the cells that make up epithelial tissue. They line the outer surfaces of the body, as well as internal cavities, ducts, and organs, and perform functions such as protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. that form gland-like structures and exhibit an invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. growth pattern.
The most important facts at a glance
Renal adenocarcinoma in dogs represents a rare but aggressive tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. disease that primarily affects older animals. The etiologyEtiology is the study of the causes and origins of diseases. It deals with the factors that contribute to the emergence and development of pathological conditions. is multifactorialMultifactorial refers to conditions or diseases that arise from the interplay of several causes or risk factors. In dogs and cats, these can be genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and nutritional factors that together lead to health problems., with genetic and environmental influences. Clinically, the disease often presents only in advanced stages with nonspecific symptoms such as weight loss, lethargy, and hematuria, making early detection difficult.
DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. requires a multimodal approach consisting of clinical examination, laboratory diagnostics, imaging procedures, and histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. assessment. Comprehensive stagingStaging is the process of determining the extent of a disease's spread, especially in cancer. It helps classify the severity of the condition and plan an appropriate treatment strategy. is essential for treatment planning and prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. assessment. Surgical removal of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. through nephrectomy remains the most important treatment option for localized tumors, while adjuvant treatments such as chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. or targeted therapies may be considered in advanced disease.
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies considerably depending on tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage, histological grade, and success of surgical resection. Structured follow-up care with regular clinical, laboratory diagnostic, and imaging examinations is essential to detect recurrences early and monitor renal function. SupportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. measures, particularly adapted nutrition, contribute significantly to maintaining quality of life.
Despite advances in diagnostics and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., renal adenocarcinoma remains a challenge in veterinary oncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals.. Research into new molecular markers and innovative therapeutic approaches, inspired by insights from human medicine, offers hope for improved treatment outcomes in the future.
Causes
Compared to other cancers in dogs, renal tumors are relatively rare, with an incidenceIncidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur within a specific time period in a specific population group. It provides information about the risk of contracting the disease. of less than 2% of all canine neoplasias. Nevertheless, they present a particular challenge due to their aggressive nature and often late diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. Renal adenocarcinoma can occur unilaterally or bilaterally, with unilateral involvement being more common. The disease primarily affects older dogs with an average age at diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of 8 to 9 years, although dogs of any age can be affected.
Notably, there is a similarity between canineCanine refers to anything related to dogs. The term is used to describe characteristics, diseases, or specific aspects that specifically affect dogs. kidney cancer and renal cell carcinomaA carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. Carcinomas are the most common form of cancer. in humans, making this disease interesting for comparative oncological research. Both tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. types show similar molecular signaling pathways and alterations, making dogs a valuable model for researching new therapeutic approaches.
- Genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases.: Current studies suggest that certain dogs may have a genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. to renal adenocarcinomas. Mutations in oncogenic signaling pathways (e.g., in genes such as VHL or HIF) play a role, analogous to findings in human medicine.
- Environmental factors: ExposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. to certain chemicals or chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. kidney disease can promote the development of a renal tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions..
Breed aspects: Although no clear clustering is known, some larger breeds such as German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, or Bernese Mountain Dogs have occasionally been reported to have a higher incidenceIncidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur within a specific time period in a specific population group. It provides information about the risk of contracting the disease..
The exact etiologyEtiology is the study of the causes and origins of diseases. It deals with the factors that contribute to the emergence and development of pathological conditions. of renal adenocarcinoma in dogs is multifactorialMultifactorial refers to conditions or diseases that arise from the interplay of several causes or risk factors. In dogs and cats, these can be genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and nutritional factors that together lead to health problems. and not yet fully understood. Current research findings point to a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors:
Genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. plays a crucial role in the development of kidney cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas.. Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that mutations in tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. suppressor genes such as VHL (von Hippel-Lindau) and oncogenes such as MET can contribute to tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. development, similar to humans. These genetic alterations lead to dysregulation of cellularCellular refers to cells or consisting of cells. In biology and medicine, it refers to processes, structures, or functions that occur at the level of individual cells. signaling pathways, particularly the HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) signaling pathway, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and increased angiogenesis.
ChronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. kidney disease can increase the risk of developing renal adenocarcinoma. Prolonged inflammatory processes and repeated tissue damage can lead to DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is located in the cells of an organism and contains the information for heredity. damage and promote malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. transformation. Similarly, nephrotoxic substances such as certain heavy metals, pesticidesPesticides are chemical or biological substances used to control pests, including insects, weeds, and fungi. In dogs and cats, exposure to certain pesticides can be harmful to health and lead to signs of poisoning., or medications can damage renal tissue and contribute to cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas. development in the long term.
Although no clear breed predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. has been proven, a certain clustering is observed in medium to large dog breeds such as German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bernese Mountain Dogs. This could indicate breed-specific genetic factors that increase susceptibility to renal tumors.
Hormonal factors are also being discussed, as some studies have found a higher incidenceIncidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur within a specific time period in a specific population group. It provides information about the risk of contracting the disease. in male dogs, which could indicate a possible influence of sex hormones. However, the data on this are not yet conclusive.
Symptoms
The clinical manifestations of renal adenocarcinoma in dogs are often nonspecific and develop insidiously, making early detection difficult. SymptomatologySymptomatology refers to the entirety of symptoms associated with a particular disease or condition. It describes how a disease manifests itself externally. can vary depending on tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage, size, and degree of metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.:
In early stages, the disease often runs asymptomatically, as the healthy kidney can compensate for function. However, with progressiveProgressive describes a condition or disease that worsens over time. This term is often used to characterize the course of an illness that causes increasingly severe symptoms or damage. tumor growth, signs of illness can increasingly appear. The most common symptoms include lethargy, reduced appetite up to anorexiaAnorexia describes the loss of appetite or the lack of desire to eat. Although often associated with anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder, anorexia can also be caused by other medical and psychological factors., and progressiveProgressive describes a condition or disease that worsens over time. This term is often used to characterize the course of an illness that causes increasingly severe symptoms or damage. weight loss. These nonspecific signs are often initially attributed to the animal’s age, leading to delays in diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..
Hematuria (blood in urine) is a characteristic symptom in approximately 20–40% of affected dogs and results from tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. invasion into the renal pelvis or urinary tract. Blood admixture can occur intermittently and be macroscopically visible or only microscopically detectable. In advanced cases, flank pain may occur, manifesting as sensitivity to touch in the kidney area or behavioral changes such as reluctance to move.
In larger tumors, a palpable massIn pathology, the term “mass” is used to describe an abnormal lump or growth in the body. A mass can form in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or even inside the body. The causes can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). in the cranialCranial refers to a position that is closer to the head or towards the head of an animal. In veterinary medicine, the term is used to describe the location of structures or diseases in relation to the head. abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. can be detected. In approximately 30% of cases, affected dogs develop secondary arterial hypertensionHypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is consistently elevated. In dogs and cats, this can lead to damage to organs such as the heart, kidneys, and eyes, and requires medical treatment., which can lead to further clinical manifestations such as retinal hemorrhages or neurological symptoms. Paraneoplastic syndromes such as hypercalcemia, polycythemiaPolycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an increased number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. This can lead to increased blood viscosity and cause problems such as blood clots, strokes, or heart attacks. In dogs and cats, polycythemia can be primary (as a stand-alone disease) or secondary (as a reaction to other conditions)., or fever of unknown origin can also occur and are due to the production of bioactive substances by the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions..
In advanced disease with metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. formation, additional organ-specific symptoms may occur, particularly cough, dyspneaDyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is the subjective feeling of breathlessness or difficulty breathing. It can be a symptom of a variety of conditions, including heart disease, lung disease, and anemia., or exercise intolerance in pulmonaryPulmonary refers to the lungs or the respiratory system. Pulmonary diseases in dogs and cats include conditions such as Pneumonia, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. metastases, or neurological deficits in bone metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. Approximately 50% of dogs already show signs of metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. at initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. presentation, most commonly in the lungs, regional lymph nodes, liver, and bones.
Many courses begin nonspecifically. A combination of unilateral kidney enlargement (renomegaly, abdominalThe term “abdominal” refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. mass) + increased thirst, increased urination, and possibly hematuria should suggest a renal tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions..
Diagnosis
- Imaging procedures such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow., X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions., or CT scans to identify tumors in the kidneys
- BiopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions. of the tumor to confirm the diagnosis and assess tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. grade
- Laboratory tests to check kidney function and the general condition of the dog
DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of renal adenocarcinoma in dogs requires a systematic approach with various complementary examination methods. Early and precise diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is crucial for treatment planning and prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. assessment.
Clinical examination forms the starting point of diagnostics. On palpationPalpation is an examination method in which the condition of body tissues is assessed by feeling them with the hands. It is used to identify swelling, pain, or other abnormalities. of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen., an enlarged, firm, or painful kidney may be noticed. AuscultationAuscultation is an examination method in which the doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to the sounds in the body, especially in the heart, lungs, and intestines, in order to obtain information about the state of health. of the thorax can provide indications of pulmonaryPulmonary refers to the lungs or the respiratory system. Pulmonary diseases in dogs and cats include conditions such as Pneumonia, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. Laboratory tests include a complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis. Typical findings may include normochromic, normocytic anemia, leukocytosis, elevated kidney parameters (ureaUrea, also known as carbamide, is a waste product of protein metabolism in the body. It's formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys in urine. The urea level in the blood indicates kidney function., creatinineCreatinine is a waste product that results from the breakdown of creatine, a chemical compound that provides energy in the muscles. The concentration of creatinine in the blood and urine is an important indicator of kidney function.) in advanced disease, and hematuria in urine sedimentUrine sediment refers to the solid component of urine that settles when the urine is centrifuged. Microscopic examination of the sediment can provide clues to various kidney or urinary tract diseases, including the detection of cells, crystals, bacteria, and other components.. In some patients, elevated calciumCalcium is a mineral that is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in blood coagulation, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. levels may also occur as a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
Imaging plays a central role in diagnostics. Abdominal ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. is usually the first imaging method and can show changes in size, shape, and echotexture of the kidney. Typically, renal adenocarcinomas appear as heterogeneousHeterogeneous describes a composition of different elements or components. In biology and medicine, it often refers to tissues, cells, or molecules that vary in structure, function, or both., often hyperechoic massesIn pathology, the term "mass" is used to describe an abnormal lump or growth in the body. A mass can form in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or even inside the body. The causes can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). with irregular margins and possible cystic or necrotic areas. Doppler sonography can also provide information about tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. vascularization and possible invasion into the renal vessels or caudalCaudal refers to a position closer to the tail or posterior end of the body. In human medicine, the term is used to indicate the direction "downward" in relation to the body's longitudinal axis. vena cava.
For comprehensive stagingStaging is the process of determining the extent of a disease's spread, especially in cancer. It helps classify the severity of the condition and plan an appropriate treatment strategy., further imaging procedures such as thoracic X-rays (for metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. screening), computed tomography (CT)Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create cross-sectional images of the body. It enables a detailed view of bones, organs, and other structures and is used for the diagnosis of injuries, diseases, and for planning medical interventions., or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs. are essential. These modalities enable more precise assessment of local tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. extent, vascular invasion, and potential metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. In particular, contrast-enhanced CT has proven valuable for preoperative planning and stagingStaging is the process of determining the extent of a disease's spread, especially in cancer. It helps classify the severity of the condition and plan an appropriate treatment strategy..
Definitive diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. requires histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination. This can be done through fine-needle aspirationFine-needle aspiration is a minimally invasive diagnostic technique that uses a thin needle to extract cells or fluid from a tumor, lesion, or organ. This sample is then examined microscopically to make a diagnosis., Tru-Cut biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions., or after surgical removal of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions.. Fine-needle aspirationFine-needle aspiration is a minimally invasive diagnostic technique that uses a thin needle to extract cells or fluid from a tumor, lesion, or organ. This sample is then examined microscopically to make a diagnosis. is minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. but often provides only limited diagnostic information and carries the risk of tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. spread. A larger biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions. (Tru-Cut biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions.) provides more tissue for histological assessment but is more invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. and carries similar risks. HistopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination after nephrectomy provides the most comprehensive information about tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. type, grade of differentiation, and invasiveness.
Molecular diagnostics is gaining increasing importance. Immunohistochemical examinations can detect specific tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. markers such as cytokeratin, vimentin, or CD10 and contribute to more precise classification. Genetic analyses can identify prognostically relevant mutations and reveal potential targets for targeted therapies.
Therapy
- Surgical removal: A nephrectomy (removal of the affected kidney) is often the first choice, provided the second kidney is functional and the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. has not yet formed distant metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body..
- ChemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells.: Certain protocols (e.g., based on doxorubicin) are used depending on the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage. Efficacy is still the subject of current studies.
- Targeted therapies: Following advances in human medicine, inhibitors of signaling pathways (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) are being researched.
- Immunotherapy: InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. approaches in which immune checkpoint inhibitors are tested show potential but need further evaluation.
SupportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. therapies to relieve pain and improve quality of life.
Treatment of renal adenocarcinoma in dogs is based on a multimodal approach, with surgical intervention remaining the most important pillar. Treatment decisions must be made individually, taking into account tumor stage, the patient’s general condition, and available technical resources.
Surgical removal of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. through radical nephrectomy is the treatment of choice for localized, non-metastatic tumors. This involves removing the affected kidney along with the surrounding fat capsule, the proximalProximal describes a position closer to the torso or the point of origin of a body part. The term is used to describe the location of structures in relation to the body as a whole or to a specific organ. ureterThe ureter is the tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder. There are two ureters that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder., and regional lymph nodes. For very large tumors or suspected vascular invasion, an extended approach may be necessary. The surgery should be performed by an experienced surgeon, as intraoperative complications such as severe bleeding can occur due to the rich vascularization of the kidney. A prerequisite for nephrectomy is adequate function of the contralateralThe term "conlateral" appears to be a misspelling. It may refer to "contralateral," which describes the opposite side of the body. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to symptoms or findings that occur on the opposite side of the body. kidney, which should be ensured preoperatively through laboratory tests and imaging procedures.
In selected cases with small, well-defined tumors, partial nephrectomy (kidney-sparing surgery) may be considered. This technique is more technically demanding but can be advantageous in bilateral tumors or in patients with impaired renal function. Newer minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. techniques such as laparoscopic nephrectomy are gaining increasing importance and can contribute to faster postoperativePostoperative refers to the time after a surgical operation. This phase includes recovery and the management of possible complications after the procedure. recovery.
Adjuvant chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. is controversially discussed, as its efficacy in canineCanine refers to anything related to dogs. The term is used to describe characteristics, diseases, or specific aspects that specifically affect dogs. renal adenocarcinoma is not clearly established. However, it may be considered in patients at high risk of metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., incomplete tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. resection, or existing metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. Protocols based on doxorubicin, carboplatin, or mitoxantron are most commonly used, with variable response rates. A combination of different chemotherapeutic agents may be beneficial in some cases.
Targeted therapies, particularly tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as toceranib (Palladia®) or masitinib, represent a promising option. These medications inhibit specific signaling pathways important for tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. growth and angiogenesis. Studies have shown that they can lead to disease stabilization in some dogs with advanced kidney cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas.. Identification of predictive biomarkers could enable better patient selectionSelection refers to the process of natural or artificial selection of specific individuals for reproduction, based on desired genetic traits. In breeding, this is applied to promote specific characteristics in dogs and cats. for this form of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. in the future.
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is still in the experimental stage but shows promising results in preclinical studies. These medications reactivate the body’s own immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. to recognize and combat tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells. InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. clinical studies with antibodies in dogs with various tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. types, including renal carcinomas, are currently underway.
SupportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. measures are an essential component of the treatment concept. These include adapted nutrition (kidney-friendly diet in cases of impaired renal function), adequate pain therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., and treatment of comorbidities. In patients with advanced disease, palliativePalliative refers to treatments that aim to alleviate the symptoms of a disease without curing the disease itself. Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life of patients with incurable diseases. care is the priority, with the goal of maintaining quality of life for as long as possible.
Prognosis and follow-up care
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends on the stage of the disease, the size and location of the tumor, and the response to treatment. Tumors diagnosed and treated early generally have a better prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. However, kidney cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas. can often only be diagnosed at an advanced stage, which complicates treatment and prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. In such cases, treatment focuses on slowing disease progression and maintaining the dog’s quality of life for as long as possible. Survival rates vary greatly depending on the individual case, and follow-up care is important to detect and treat relapses or metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. early.
Aftercare
- Regular check-ups: Blood and urine tests, imaging procedures (X-ray, ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow.) at intervals of 3 to 6 months.
- Nutrition and Management: A dietary adjustment (kidney-friendly feeding) can help support the function of the remaining kidney.
- Quality of Life: Special attention to possible symptoms of kidney weakness (e.g., increased thirst, weight loss) and early therapeutic interventions contribute to an improved quality of life.
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for dogs with renal adenocarcinoma varies considerably and depends on several factors, including tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage at diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients., histological grade of differentiation, presence of metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., and success of surgical resection. Careful follow-up care is essential to detect recurrences early and optimize quality of life.
In dogs with localized tumors that could be completely surgically removed, medianMedian refers to the midline or center of the body or an organ. In veterinary medicine, the term can be used to describe the location of a structure in relation to the center of the body. survival time is between 12 and 24 months. Factors associated with a more favorable prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. include low histological grade of malignancyMalignancy refers to the aggressiveness of a tumor, that is, its ability to grow invasively and metastasize. Malignant tumors can be life-threatening in dogs and cats and require specific treatment., absence of vascular invasion, and negative resection margins. In contrast, patients with advanced disease, particularly in the presence of distant metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., have a significantly worse prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. with medianMedian refers to the midline or center of the body or an organ. In veterinary medicine, the term can be used to describe the location of a structure in relation to the center of the body. survival times of 3 to 6 months despite multimodal therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions..
The histological subtype of adenocarcinoma may have prognostic relevance. Papillary and tubular variants tend to show less aggressive behavior than solid or sarcomatoid subtypes. Molecular markers such as the expression of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), Ki-67, or p53 are increasingly being investigated as potential prognostic indicators.
A structured follow-up program is essential for all patients after treatment of renal adenocarcinoma. In the first six months after surgery, monthly follow-up examinations are recommended; thereafter, intervals can be extended to three to six months if the course is stable. Each follow-up examination should include a thorough clinical examination, blood and urine analyses, and imaging procedures.
Monitoring renal function is particularly important, as the remaining kidney must assume the entire excretory function. Regular determinations of ureaUrea, also known as carbamide, is a waste product of protein metabolism in the body. It's formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys in urine. The urea level in the blood indicates kidney function., creatinineCreatinine is a waste product that results from the breakdown of creatine, a chemical compound that provides energy in the muscles. The concentration of creatinine in the blood and urine is an important indicator of kidney function., electrolytesElectrolytes are minerals in the body that carry an electric charge and perform vital functions such as regulating fluid balance, acid-base balance, and nerve and muscle activity. The main electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium., and urine-specific gravity can reveal early signs of renal dysfunctionDysfunction refers to an impaired or abnormal function of an organ or system in the body. This can be due to diseases, disorders, or damage and can affect the quality of life.. Blood pressure measurement should also be part of routine monitoring, as hypertensionHypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is consistently elevated. In dogs and cats, this can lead to damage to organs such as the heart, kidneys, and eyes, and requires medical treatment. is a common complication.
Imaging procedures for metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. screening include thoracic X-rays every three months in the first year and abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examinations to assess the contralateralThe term "conlateral" appears to be a misspelling. It may refer to "contralateral," which describes the opposite side of the body. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to symptoms or findings that occur on the opposite side of the body. kidney and possible local recurrences. If metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. are suspected or in high-risk patients, further examinations such as CT or MRI may be indicated.
Nutritional counseling is an important aspect of follow-up care. An individually adapted diet can support the function of the remaining kidney and improve quality of life. In cases of impaired renal function, a phosphorus- and protein-reduced diet is recommended, supplemented by adequate fluid intake.
If signs of recurrence or metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. appear, treatment options must be re-evaluated. In some cases, local treatment procedures such as radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue. for isolated metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. or systemic therapies such as chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. or targeted medications may be considered. PalliativePalliative refers to treatments that aim to alleviate the symptoms of a disease without curing the disease itself. Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life of patients with incurable diseases. care with a focus on pain management and maintaining quality of life is becoming increasingly important in advanced stages.
Prevention
Renal adenocarcinoma cannot be reliably prevented, as the causes are often unclear. Nevertheless, preventive measures can support kidney health and facilitate early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. Regular preventive examinations, especially in older dogs, should include blood and urine analyses. A balanced diet, adequate water intake, and avoidance of nephrotoxins (e.g., certain medications, toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants) are important. X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions. or ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. checks can help detect changes early in at-risk patients. Owners should watch for symptoms such as weight loss, blood in urine, or increased drinking and have these examined by a veterinarian immediately.
Outlook on current research
Research on renal adenocarcinoma in dogs is continuously evolving, with several promising directions being pursued. The One Health approach, which uses the parallels between human and canineCanine refers to anything related to dogs. The term is used to describe characteristics, diseases, or specific aspects that specifically affect dogs. tumors, is gaining increasing importance and promotes knowledge transfer between human and veterinary medicine.
In the field of molecular oncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals., genetic and epigenetic changes underlying canineCanine refers to anything related to dogs. The term is used to describe characteristics, diseases, or specific aspects that specifically affect dogs. renal adenocarcinoma are being intensively researched. Next-generation sequencing technologies enable the identification of driver mutations and molecular signatures that could serve as prognostic markers or therapeutic targets. Comparative genomic studies have already revealed remarkable similarities between canine and human renal cell carcinomas, particularly regarding alterations in the VHL-HIF signaling pathway and the MET signaling cascade.
In the field of imaging, new techniques are being developed that enable earlier and more precise diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. Functional imaging procedures such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI or PET-CT with tumor-specific tracers can provide additional information about tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. biology and metabolism. The application of artificial intelligence to analyze radiological images promises improved detection and characterization of renal lesions.
In the field of minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. surgery, advanced laparoscopic and robot-assisted techniques for nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy are being further developed. These procedures aim to reduce operative traumaA trauma refers to a physical injury or damage caused by external force. Traumas can range from simple cuts to severe multiple injuries., achieve faster recovery times, and improve cosmetic results while maintaining oncological principles.
Immunotherapy represents one of the most promising research areas. Clinical studies with checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in dogs with various tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. types, including renal carcinomas, show encouraging results. New approaches such as CAR-T cell therapies or tumor-specific vaccines are in preclinical development phases and could expand the therapeutic arsenal in the future.
In the field of targeted therapies, new generations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with improved specificity and reduced toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. are being developed. The combination of different targeted agents or their integration into multimodal treatment concepts is also being investigated. Biomarker-guided treatment decisions based on the molecular characterization of individual tumors could pave the way for personalized oncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals. in veterinary medicine.
Last but not least, research into the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. microenvironment is gaining increasing importance. The interactions between tumor cells, immune cellsImmune cells are specialized cells of the immune system that help to identify and fight pathogens and foreign substances. These include leukocytes such as lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells., and stromal components significantly influence tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. growth, metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., and treatment response. A better understanding of these complex interactions could open up new therapeutic strategies that target not primarily the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells but their environment.
These diverse research approaches fuel hope for improved diagnostic and therapeutic options for dogs with renal adenocarcinoma in the future. Close collaboration between basic researchers, clinical veterinary oncologists, and human physicians will be crucial to drive innovation and ultimately improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. of affected patients.