Ovarian Cancer in Dogs (Ovarian Tumors in Dogs)
- Occurrence: common
- Location of disease: Abdomen/pelvis
When to visit the vet?
Non-urgent see a veterinarian within 2–3 days
If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.
Das Wichtigste auf einen Blick
Ovarian tumors are rare in dogs but can occur at any age; older female dogs are more commonly affected. These tumors develop in the ovaries, which are responsible for the production of eggs and hormones. There are various types of ovarian tumors, including epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and stromal tumors. The exact causes are unclear, but genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors may play a role. Symptoms include persistent heat, an enlarged vulva, and poor coat condition. Diagnosis is made through clinical examinations and imaging procedures such as ultrasound and X-ray. A biopsy may be required for confirmation.
Treatment varies depending on tumor type and stage, with surgical removal often being preferred. For malignant tumors, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may additionally be required. The prognosis depends on the type and stage of the tumor; benign tumors have a better prognosis. Early diagnosis can improve survival chances. Preventive measures are difficult, but early castration can reduce the risk. Regular veterinary examinations are important to detect anomalies early. Research is focusing on genetic predispositions, improved diagnostic procedures, and new treatment methods such as immunotherapy.
Ursachen
Ovarian tumors are relatively rare in dogs, but they can occur at any age, although older female dogs are more commonly affected. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and play a crucial role in the production of eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. A disruption or change in these tissues can lead to tumor formation.
There are various types of ovarian tumors, including epithelial tumors, which are the most common form, as well as germ cell tumors and stromal tumors. The exact cause of these tumors is not always clear, but it is believed that genetic factors, hormonal influences, and environmental factors may play a role.
Genetic predispositions are more common in some breeds, suggesting that a familial tendency may exist. Hormonal imbalances, particularly an excess of estrogen, can stimulate cell division in the ovaries and increase the risk of tumor formation.
Symptoms
The symptoms of ovarian tumors in dogs can vary depending on whether the tumor is benign or malignant and depending on size and location. Common signs include a bloated abdomen, weight loss, loss of appetite, and lethargy. Many dogs also show signs of abdominal pain.
Hormonal tumors can cause additional symptoms related to elevated hormone levels. These include behavioral changes and anomalies in the reproductive cycle, such as prolonged heat or false pregnancy. In some cases, hair loss or skin changes may also occur.
If the tumor is malignant and has metastasized, symptoms may occur that are related to other affected organs. These include respiratory distress, cough, lameness, or neurological symptoms, depending on where the metastases have formed.
Diagnose
The diagnosis of ovarian tumors is usually made through a combination of clinical examinations and imaging procedures. The veterinarian will first perform a thorough physical examination and look for signs of pain or swelling in the abdominal area.
Imaging procedures such as ultrasound or X-rays are helpful in determining the size, location, and extent of the tumor. An ultrasound can provide detailed images of the ovaries and helps determine if fluid is present in the abdominal cavity, which could indicate a tumor.
To confirm the diagnosis, fine-needle aspiration or a biopsy of the tumor may be required. These procedures allow a sample of the tumor tissue to be taken, which is then examined microscopically to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant.
Blood tests can also be performed to assess the dog’s general health and look for signs of systemic spread, such as anemia or elevated liver values.
Therapie
The treatment of ovarian tumors depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor. Surgical removal of the tumor is often the preferred method and may include complete removal of the affected ovaries and sometimes the uterus, especially if malignant tumors are suspected.
In cases where the tumor is malignant and has spread to other parts of the body, additional treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be considered. These therapies aim to kill remaining cancer cells and slow the growth of metastases.
Hormone therapy can be used for hormone-producing tumors to control symptoms and slow disease progression. This treatment aims to regulate hormone levels in the dog’s body and thereby alleviate symptoms associated with hormonal imbalances.
Prognose und Nachsorge
The prognosis for dogs with ovarian tumors depends on several factors, including the type of tumor, the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, and the dog’s overall health. Benign tumors that can be completely removed generally have a good prognosis.
For malignant tumors, the prognosis is more guarded, especially if the tumor has already metastasized. However, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the dog’s survival chances and quality of life.
Follow-up care is crucial to monitor for recurrence of the disease and to detect possible complications early. Regular check-ups and imaging procedures are recommended to monitor the dog’s health.
Prävention
The prevention of ovarian tumors in dogs is challenging because the exact causes are not fully understood. However, early castration can significantly reduce the risk, as removal of the ovaries prevents the development of tumors in this area.
Regular veterinary examinations can help detect anomalies early and treat them in a timely manner. These preventive measures include routine examinations and, if necessary, imaging procedures to monitor the health of internal organs.
A healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and adequate exercise can promote the dog’s overall health and reduce the risk of many diseases. It is important to pay attention to changes in the dog’s behavior or physical condition and to consult a veterinarian promptly if there are concerns.
Ausblick auf aktuelle Forschung
Ovarian tumors in dogs are a relatively rare but serious health problem. In current research, scientists are focusing on understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of these tumors. One of the most important research areas is the study of genetic predisposition in certain dog breeds. By identifying genetic markers, researchers hope to better recognize risk factors and develop preventive measures.
Another research focus is the development of improved diagnostic techniques. Traditionally, ovarian tumors are diagnosed using imaging procedures such as ultrasound or X-ray. Newer approaches include the use of MRI and CT to obtain more detailed information about the structure and extent of the tumors. Research is also being conducted on blood tests that can detect specific biomarkers for ovarian tumors, which could enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis.
Regarding treatment, scientists are exploring new surgical techniques as well as the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Immunotherapy, which aims to mobilize the dog’s immune system to attack cancer cells, is also a promising area of research. Clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate and optimize the safety and effectiveness of these new therapies.
Research on the nutrition and lifestyle of dogs has also gained importance. There is evidence that certain dietary patterns could influence the risk of developing ovarian tumors. Researchers are investigating how nutrient profiles and feed additives could influence tumor growth. The goal is to develop dietary recommendations that reduce risk or slow disease progression.
In summary, research on ovarian tumors in dogs is a multidisciplinary field that includes genetics, diagnostics, therapy, and prevention. Advances in these areas could not only improve understanding of the disease in dogs, but also provide insights into comparable diseases in humans.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What are ovarian tumors in dogs?
2. What symptoms do dogs with ovarian tumors show?
3. How are ovarian tumors diagnosed in dogs?
4. What treatment options are available for ovarian tumors in dogs?
5. Can ovarian tumors in dogs be prevented?
6. Are certain dog breeds more susceptible to ovarian tumors?
7. What is the prognosis for dogs with ovarian tumors?
8. What are the risks of surgery to remove ovarian tumors?
9. How often should a dog be examined for ovarian tumors?
10. Are there alternative therapies for dogs with ovarian tumors?
Literatur
- Dolenšek, T., Knific, T., Ramírez, G. A., Erles, K., Mallon, H. E., Priestnall, S. L., & Suárez-Bonnet, A. (2024). Canine ovarian epithelial tumours: Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation with proposed histopathological classification system. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 212, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.05.006
- Mallon, H. E., Ramírez, G. A., Dolenšek, T., Erles, K., Martí-Garcia, B., Priestnall, S. L., & Suárez-Bonnet, A. (2024). CD117 expression in canine ovarian tumours. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 212, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.05.001
- Manfredi, M., Morabito, S., Fournier, Q., Panopoulos, I., Thierry, F., Schwarz, T., Lopez, C., Baldinetti, M., Massarenti, C., Zani, D. D., & Longo, M. (2025). Computed tomographic findings in dogs with ovarian tumors: A tortuous ovarian artery consistently identifies ovarian origin in complex abdominal masses. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 66(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13476
- Goto, S., Iwasaki, R., Sakai, H., & Mori, T. (2021). A retrospective analysis on the outcome of 18 dogs with malignant ovarian tumours. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, 19(3), 442–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12639
- Itoh, T., Kojimoto, A., Uchida, K., Chambers, J., & Shii, H. (2021). Long-term treatment results for ovarian tumors with malignant effusion in seven dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 57(3), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7117
- Kita, C., Chambers, J. K., Tanabe, M., Irie, M., Yamasaki, H., & Uchida, K. (2022). Immunohistochemical features of canine ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma and utility of cell block technique for detecting neoplastic cells in body cavity effusions. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 84(3), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.21-0633
- Nelissen, S., & Miller, A. D. (2022). Comparison of anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin immunolabeling in canine and equine granulosa cell tumors. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 34(6), 1027–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387221124589
- Sforna, M., Brachelente, C., Lepri, E., & Mechelli, L. (2003). Canine ovarian tumours: A retrospective study of 49 cases. Veterinary Research Communications, 27(Suppl. 1), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VERC.0000014180.77684.52
- Patnaik, A. K., & Greenlee, P. G. (1987). Canine ovarian neoplasms: A clinicopathologic study of 71 cases, including histology of 12 granulosa cell tumors. Veterinary Pathology, 24(6), 509–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400607