Cutaneous Adenocarcinoma (Tumor from Glandular Tissue of the Skin) in Dogs
- Occurrence: rarer
- Location of illness: Skin/Fur
CutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma is a malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. that originates from the glandular structures of the skin. These malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. neoplasms can arise from various gland types, including sebaceous, sweat, or apocrine glands. Unlike benignBenign refers to a non-invasive, non-serious condition that is not life-threatening. In medicine, the term is often used to describe benign tumors that do not metastasize, meaning they do not form secondary tumors. adenomas, adenocarcinomas exhibit an invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. growth pattern and the potential for metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. Histologically, these tumors are characterized by atypical glandular cells that disrupt the normal tissue architecture and can infiltrate the surrounding tissue.
The most important facts at a glance
Adenocarcinoma of the skin in dogs is a malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. that originates from the glandular structures of the skin and accounts for approximately 2-6% of all cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. neoplasms. These Tumors occur predominantly in older dogs and show a certain breed predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases.. The etiologyEtiology is the study of the causes and origins of diseases. It deals with the factors that contribute to the emergence and development of pathological conditions. is multifactorialMultifactorial refers to conditions or diseases that arise from the interplay of several causes or risk factors. In dogs and cats, these can be genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and nutritional factors that together lead to health problems., with genetic factors, environmental influences, and chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. inflammatory processes playing a role.
Clinically, adenocarcinomas present as progressively growing, firm nodules that can ulcerate in the advanced stage. The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made through a combination of clinical examination, cytological and histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination, and imaging techniques for stagingStaging is the process of determining the extent of a disease's spread, especially in cancer. It helps classify the severity of the condition and plan an appropriate treatment strategy..
The therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. of choice is wide surgical excision with tumor-free resection margins. In cases of incomplete resection or highly malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. Tumors, adjuvant therapies such as radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue. or, in selected cases, chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. may be indicated. Newer therapeutic approaches such as electrochemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapeutic procedures expand the therapeutic spectrum.
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends largely on the TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage, the histological grade, and the completeness of the surgical resection. Structured follow-up care with regular clinical check-ups and imaging examinations is essential to detect recurrences or metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. early.
The early detection of Skin changes by the owner and prompt veterinary clarification are crucial for an optimal treatment outcome. Owners should therefore be instructed to perform regular skin examinations on their dog and have changes clarified by a veterinarian immediately.
Causes
Cutaneous adenocarcinomas account for approximately 2–6% of all cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. neoplasms in dogs, making them one of the rarer skin tumors. They occur predominantly in older dogs, with the average age of onset being around 10–12 years. Certain breeds such as Cocker Spaniels, Poodles, and Labrador Retrievers appear to have a certain predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., suggesting genetic factors. The biological significance of these tumors lies in their locally aggressive behavior and ability to metastasize to lymph nodes and distant organs, making them a serious oncological condition.
The etiologyEtiology is the study of the causes and origins of diseases. It deals with the factors that contribute to the emergence and development of pathological conditions. of cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinomas is multifactorialMultifactorial refers to conditions or diseases that arise from the interplay of several causes or risk factors. In dogs and cats, these can be genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and nutritional factors that together lead to health problems. and not fully understood. Scientific findings suggest an interplay of various factors:
Genetic predispositions play an important role, as evidenced by the increased occurrence in certain dog breeds. Molecular genetic studies have identified specific genetic alterations, including mutations in tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. suppressor genes and oncogenes, that can contribute to the malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. transformation of glandular cells.
Environmental factors such as chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. UV exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. can contribute to carcinogenesis, especially in thinly haired or unpigmented skin areas. Long-term exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. to chemical carcinogens in the environment is also discussed as a possible risk factor.
A particularly important pathogenetic mechanism is the association between chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. inflammatory conditions and tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. development. PersistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. skin inflammation can impair DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is located in the cells of an organism and contains the information for heredity. repair mechanisms and promote malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. transformation through continuous tissue damage, oxidative stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being., and the release of inflammatory mediators. This explains why non-healing skin inflammation can pose an increased risk for the development of adenocarcinomas.
Hormonal factors are also discussed as possible influencing factors, especially in tumors that originate from hormone-dependent glandular structures. However, the evidence for this is less clear in cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma than in other types of tumors.
Symptoms
The clinical presentation of cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinomas can vary, but shows characteristic features that can be recognizable to the pet owner. Typically, these tumors manifest as solitary, firm lumps in the skin or subcutaneousSubcutaneous means “under the skin.” In medicine, it refers to the administration of drugs or the placement of implants directly under the skin. tissue. The size can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters, with larger tumors often having an irregular surface.
A significant clinical feature is the growth behavior: adenocarcinomas often show progressiveProgressive describes a condition or disease that worsens over time. This term is often used to characterize the course of an illness that causes increasingly severe symptoms or damage. growth over weeks to months. In the advanced stage, the tumors can ulcerate, which can lead to bleeding, secretion, and secondary bacterial infections. These complications manifest as oozing, unpleasant odor, and pain in the affected area.
Affected dogs often show increased licking or scratching at the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. site, which indicates local itching or discomfort. In the case of tumors in mechanically stressed areas such as the paws or in joint regions, lameness or limited mobility may occur.
In advanced disease with metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., systemic symptoms may occur, including lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, and organ-specific symptoms depending on the location of the metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. Enlarged regional lymph nodes can indicate lymphogenous metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. and should always be carefully palpated.
Adenocarcinomas that develop from chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time., non-healing inflammatory foci are particularly problematic. Here, the transition from chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. dermatitis to a malignantMalignant means “cancerous” and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. process can be difficult for the owner to recognize, which underscores the importance of regular veterinary check-ups for persistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. skin changes.
Diagnosis
- BiopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions. of the lesion for histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination.
- Imaging techniques such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow., X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions., or CT to assess the extent of spread.
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma requires a systematic approach that combines clinical, cytological, histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats., and imaging procedures. The diagnostic algorithm begins with a thorough clinical examination in which the size, consistency, mobility, and delimitability of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions., as well as the condition of the regional lymph nodes, are assessed.
Cytological examination by fine needle aspiration is an important first diagnostic step. In this procedure, cells are taken from the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. and examined microscopically. Characteristic cytological findings in adenocarcinomas are cell clusters with clear signs of cellularCellular refers to cells or consisting of cells. In biology and medicine, it refers to processes, structures, or functions that occur at the level of individual cells. atypia, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and prominent nucleoli. Cytologycytology is the study of cells, their structure, function, and chemistry. In medicine, it often refers to examining cells under a microscope for diagnosis of diseases. can provide valuable clues, but is not always sufficient for a definitive diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..
The gold standard for diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is the histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination of a biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions.. This can be done as an incision biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions. (removal of a piece of tissue) or as an excision biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions. (complete removal of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions.). The histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination not only enables the definitive diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of an adenocarcinoma, but also the determination of the histological subtype, the degree of differentiation, and the invasiveness, which is crucial for the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. planning.
Modern diagnostic procedures also include immunohistochemical examinations, which can confirm the epithelial origin of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. using specific markers such as cytokeratins. In certain subtypes, specific markers such as estrogenEstrogen is a group of steroid hormones that are primarily responsible in female animals for regulating the reproductive system and developing female characteristics. In dogs and cats, estrogens play an important role in the estrous cycle. or progesterone receptors can provide additional prognostic information.
Imaging techniques are essential for assessing the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage and ruling out metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.. These include:
- Three-view chest X-rays to rule out pulmonaryPulmonary refers to the lungs or the respiratory system. Pulmonary diseases in dogs and cats include conditions such as Pneumonia, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.
- UltrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examination of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. to assess abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. organs and lymph nodes
- In complex cases, advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT)Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create cross-sectional images of the body. It enables a detailed view of bones, organs, and other structures and is used for the diagnosis of injuries, diseases, and for planning medical interventions. or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs. can be used to assess the local tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. extension more precisely and to detect smaller metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body.
Newer diagnostic approaches such as liquid biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions., in which circulating tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is located in the cells of an organism and contains the information for heredity. is detected in the blood, are still in the research stage in veterinary oncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals., but could contribute to the early detection of recurrences or therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. monitoring in the future.
Therapy
Surgical removal of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. with a margin of healthy tissue.
Radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue. or chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. in cases where surgical removal is not possible or in cases of metastatic disease.
Follow-up care for early detection of recurrences or metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body..
The therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. for cutaneous adenocarcinoma in dogs is based on a multimodal approach, with surgical intervention still being the most important treatment option. The choice of the optimal treatment strategy depends on the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage, location, histological grade, and the patient’s general condition.
Surgical excision with wide safety margins (at least 2–3 cm laterally and a fascial layer in depth) is the therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. of first choice. The goal is the complete removal of the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. with tumor-free resection margins (R0 resection), as this offers the best prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. In the case of unfavorable localization or large tumors, reconstructive surgical procedures such as local flap plasty or free skin grafts may be necessary to close the defect.
In the case of incomplete resection (R1 or R2 resection) or highly malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. tumors, adjuvant radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue. is often recommended. Modern radiation techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue. (IMRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery enable precise application of the radiation dose while at the same time protecting the surrounding healthy tissue. Radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue. can also be considered as a primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. treatment option for inoperable tumors.
ChemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. plays a subordinate role in the treatment of cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma but can be used in metastatic diseases or as adjuvant therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. after incomplete resection. Commonly used chemotherapeutic agents include doxorubicin, carboplatin, and cyclophosphamide. However, the response rates are variable and often not long-lasting.
Newer therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. approaches include:
Electrochemotherapy, in which the cell membrane permeability is increased by electrical impulses, leads to an improved intracellular uptake of chemotherapeutic agents. This method has proven particularly effective for superficial tumors.
Targeted therapies that target specific molecular alterations in tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells are becoming increasingly important. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as Toceranib have shown promising results in some cases.
Immunotherapeutic approaches, including checkpoint inhibitors that activate the body’s own immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. to fight tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells, are currently being investigated in clinical trials and could expand the therapeutic arsenal in the future.
The animal’s age, concomitant diseases, the expected quality of life, and the owner’s financial resources must always be taken into account when making therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. decisions. An open discussion between the veterinarian and the owner about therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. options, chances of success, and possible side effects is appropriate for informed decision-making.
Prognosis and follow-up care
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for dogs with cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma is variable and depends on several factors. The most important prognostic factors include the histological grade of the tumor, the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. stage at the time of diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients., the completeness of the surgical resection, and the presence of metastases.
With complete surgical removal (R0 resection) of a low- to moderately malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. adenocarcinoma without metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is comparatively favorable, with medianMedian refers to the midline or center of the body or an organ. In veterinary medicine, the term can be used to describe the location of a structure in relation to the center of the body. survival times of 12 to 24 months. Highly malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. tumors, incomplete resections, or the presence of metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. are associated with a significantly poorer prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop., with medianMedian refers to the midline or center of the body or an organ. In veterinary medicine, the term can be used to describe the location of a structure in relation to the center of the body. survival time dropping to 6–12 months or less.
Molecular markers such as the expression of certain growth factor receptors or the proliferation rate (Ki-67 index) can provide additional prognostic information and are increasingly being included in the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop..
Follow-up care after treatment of adenocarcinoma is an essential component of the overall management and includes several components:
Regular clinical check-ups are particularly important in the first two years after therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., as the risk of local recurrence and metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. is highest during this period. Monthly check-ups are recommended in the first six months, after which the intervals can be extended to three to four months.
The follow-up examinations should include a thorough clinical examination with particular attention to the surgical site and the regional lymph nodes. Imaging procedures such as chest X-rays and abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. ultrasounds are performed at regular intervals (every 3-6 months) to detect metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. early.
In dogs receiving chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. or targeted therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., regular blood tests are required to monitor for possible side effects and to adjust the dose.
Wound care after surgical procedures is an important aspect of follow-up care. Owners should be instructed on how to recognize signs of wound healingWound healing is the natural process of repairing tissue damage, occurring in phases including inflammation, tissue regeneration, and wound contraction, to restore tissue integrity. disorders or infections and when to seek veterinary help.
SupportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. measures to improve the quality of life, such as adequate pain management, adapted nutrition, and, if necessary, physiotherapeutic measures, should be integrated into the follow-up concept.
Prevention
Early detection is crucial for the prevention of cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma. Regular palpationPalpation is an examination method in which the condition of body tissues is assessed by feeling them with the hands. It is used to identify swelling, pain, or other abnormalities. of the dog, especially in older animals, allows for early detection of suspicious lumps. Wounds or skin changes that do not heal within two weeks should be examined by a veterinarian. Excessive sun exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats., especially in dogs with light skin or thin fur, should be avoided. A balanced diet and an intact immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. contribute to skin health. Since genetic factors can play a role, careful breeding selectionSelection refers to the process of natural or artificial selection of specific individuals for reproduction, based on desired genetic traits. In breeding, this is applied to promote specific characteristics in dogs and cats. is important. The earlier a skin tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. is detected, the greater the chances of successful treatment.
Outlook on current research
Research in the field of canineCanine refers to anything related to dogs. The term is used to describe characteristics, diseases, or specific aspects that specifically affect dogs. cutaneous adenocarcinomas is continuously evolving and opening up new perspectives for diagnostics and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions.. Current research focuses on molecular characterization, innovative therapeutic approaches, and improved prognostic markers.
In the field of molecular oncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals., genetic and epigenetic changes in adenocarcinomas of the skin are increasingly being identified. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing and proteomics can be used to characterize specific mutations and altered signaling pathways that represent potential targets for targeted therapies. The identification of driver mutations, similar to human adenocarcinoma, could enable the development of personalized therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. strategies.
A promising area of research is immuno-oncology. The study of the TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. microenvironment and the interaction between TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells and the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches. Checkpoint inhibitors, which are already established in human medicine, are increasingly being evaluated in veterinary studies. InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. results show promising response rates in certain TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. entities, although the efficacy in cutaneous adenocarcinomas still needs to be further investigated.
The development of minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. procedures is another research focus. Techniques such as photodynamic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., in which light-activated substances selectively destroy TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells, or radiofrequency thermoablation are being investigated for their applicability in superficial skin Tumors.
In the field of diagnostics, advances in imaging diagnostics, such as high-resolution ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. techniques, functional MRI techniques, or PET-CT, enable more precise TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. characterization and stagingStaging is the process of determining the extent of a disease's spread, especially in cancer. It helps classify the severity of the condition and plan an appropriate treatment strategy.. Liquid biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions., in which circulating TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. DNA or circulating TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. cells are detected in the blood, could in the future represent a minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. method for TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. diagnostics, therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. monitoring, and recurrence detection.
Translational research approaches, which transfer findings from human medicine to veterinary medicine, are gaining increasing importance. Comparative oncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals. studies, which examine similarities and differences between human and canine Tumors, can contribute to a better understanding of TumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. biology and the development of new therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. approaches.
The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into oncological diagnostics and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. planning represents an innovative research approach. Algorithms for the automated analysis of histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. images or for predicting the response to a therapy could support clinical decision-making in the future.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- What is a cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma in dogs?
A cutaneous adenocarcinoma is a malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. that originates from glandular skin cells. These cells can be sebaceous or sweat glands and often grow invasively into surrounding tissue. According to standard works (e.g., Veterinary OncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals. by Withrow & Vail), they are less common than other skin tumors, but significant.
2. What symptoms indicate a cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma?
Typical symptoms are nodular, hardened skin changes that are often irregular or ulcerated. There may be redness, hair loss, oozing areas, or itching. Rapid growth of the lump is also a warning sign. According to petsvetcheck.de, all newly occurring or growing lumps should be medically clarified.
3. How is the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. made?
- Clinical examination: Visual inspection and palpationPalpation is an examination method in which the condition of body tissues is assessed by feeling them with the hands. It is used to identify swelling, pain, or other abnormalities. of the skin.
- Fine needle aspiration or biopsyA biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the body to be examined under a microscope for signs of disease. Biopsies can help diagnose cancer and other conditions.: Tissue sampling for cytological or histopathologicalHistopathological refers to the microscopic examination of tissue samples for the diagnosis of diseases. This technique is used to identify the specific characteristics of diseases at the cellular level in dogs and cats. examination.
- Imaging: X-ray, ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow., CT, or MRI can assess the degree of spread.
Standard works of veterinary medicine (e.g., Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary OphthalmologyOphthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of eye diseases. Veterinary ophthalmology concerns the eye health of animals, including dogs and cats. – although the focus here is more on the eye, it contains chapters on skin tumors in relation to periocular structures) recommend detailed histologyHistology is the study of the tissues of living organisms. It examines the microscopic structure of tissues and cells and is fundamental to understanding disease processes. to assess the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop..
4. What treatment options are available?
- Surgical removal: Often the therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. of choice, if possible, with wide safety margins to avoid recurrences.
- Radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue.: In addition to incomplete resection or if the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. is located in a critical area.
- ChemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells. or immunotherapy: In special cases, such as metastasisA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. or inoperable tumors.
- Electrochemotherapy: Combines chemotherapeutic agents with electrical impulses to increase the uptake of the active ingredient into the cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas. cells.
Current studies indicate that molecular approaches will become increasingly important in the future (cf. Veterinary OphthalmologyOphthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of eye diseases. Veterinary ophthalmology concerns the eye health of animals, including dogs and cats., Gelatt et al. – also contains general tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. biology).
5. What is the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinomas?
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies greatly depending on the location, tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. size, degree of malignancyMalignancy refers to the aggressiveness of a tumor, that is, its ability to grow invasively and metastasize. Malignant tumors can be life-threatening in dogs and cats and require specific treatment., and metastatic behavior. If the tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. is detected early and completely removed, the chances of recovery are significantly better. In advanced stages or metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., the prognosis may be cautious. According to BSAVA Manual of Small Animal OncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals., thorough diagnostics are crucial for the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop..
6. Can cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinomas metastasize in dogs?
Yes, adenocarcinomas can affect lymph nodes and organs such as the lungs, liver, or spleen. Therefore, an examination of the lymph nodes and an imaging screening (X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions., CT) is important. According to petsvetcheck.de, it is recommended to look for metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body. early, especially in the case of larger tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. volume or high degree of malignancyMalignancy refers to the aggressiveness of a tumor, that is, its ability to grow invasively and metastasize. Malignant tumors can be life-threatening in dogs and cats and require specific treatment..
7. What role does the breed play?
Some breeds are generally prone to skin tumors (e.g., Boxers, Labradors, Golden Retrievers), although cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma is not as common as mast cell tumors or melanomas. A genetic connection in glandular tumors is discussed, but is less clearly proven. In expert circles (cf. Veterinary OncologyOncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and research of cancer. In veterinary medicine, this includes the treatment of cancers in animals., Withrow & Vail), relatively few breed-specific data can be found on adenocarcinomas compared to mast cell tumors or hemangiosarcomas.
8. How can I prevent cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinomas?
Direct preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is difficult because the exact causes can vary (genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., environmental influences). Nevertheless, help:
- Regular check: Palpate the dog’s fur and skin to detect changes early.
- Healthy diet and weight control: A strong immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. can potentially curb tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. growth.
- Sun protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment.: In dogs with thin or light fur, excessive UV exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. can increase the risk of skin cancerCancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to tumors or spread throughout the body. Various types of cancer occur in dogs and cats, ranging from skin cancer to lymphomas..
9. What does aftercare look like?
- Wound control: After an operation, check the surgical site regularly.
- Check-up examinations: After surgical removal of a malignantMalignant means "cancerous" and is used to describe tumors or neoplasms that grow invasively and have the ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors can cause serious health problems in dogs and cats. tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions., routine appointments with the veterinarian are recommended (e.g., every 3–6 months).
- Possible imaging procedures: X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions. of the chest, ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. of the abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. to rule out metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body..
10. Can a dog continue to live a normal life after the removal of a cutaneousCutaneous refers to the skin. Cutaneous can be used to describe conditions, treatments, or reactions related to the skin of dogs and cats, such as skin diseases or topical medication application. adenocarcinoma?
Yes, with complete removal and if there are no metastasesA metastasis is a secondary tumor that originates from a primary, malignant tumor in another part of the body. Metastases indicate that cancer has spread in the body., the quality of life is often excellent. Many dogs recover well from the surgery and live without symptoms. However, in more aggressive forms of Tumors or relapses, further therapies (e.g., radiation therapyRadiation therapy is the use of radiation, most often to treat cancer. It can be used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth without significantly damaging surrounding healthy tissue., chemotherapyChemotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, with chemical substances or drugs. It aims to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth, but can also affect healthy cells.) may need to be considered.