Gallstones in Dogs (Cholelithiasis)

  • Synonyms: Gallstone disease
  • Occurrence: rarer
  • Location of disease: Abdomen/pelvis
Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 16.08.2026
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When to visit the vet?

Non-urgent see a veterinarian within 2–3 days

?

If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.

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Definition

Cholelithiasis, also known as gallstones, is a condition in which solid, stone-like deposits form in a dog’s gallbladder. These stones can vary in size and number and lead to various health problems.

The most important facts at a glance

Cholelithiasis in dogs, also called gallstones, occurs when solid deposits form in the gallbladder. These stones develop due to an imbalance of bile components such as bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol. There are two main types: cholesterol stones, which form due to excess cholesterol, and pigment stones, which form due to excess bilirubin. Factors such as genetic predisposition, obesity, certain diets, and diseases that affect cholesterol and bilirubin balance can lead to gallstone formation. Symptoms can include vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis is made through clinical examinations, medical history, and imaging procedures such as ultrasound. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and ranges from conservative monitoring to surgical removal of the stones or the entire gallbladder. Medications can also help relieve symptoms. The prognosis is generally good, especially after successful treatment, although relapses are possible. For prevention, dogs should receive a balanced diet that is rich in fiber and low in saturated fats. Regular veterinary examinations help detect early signs. Research aims to better understand the causes, improve diagnostic techniques, and develop more effective treatments.

Causes

The gallbladder is a small organ located directly beneath the liver that stores bile, a fluid necessary for the digestion of fats. Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the gallbladder until it is needed. The main components of bile are water, bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol. An imbalance of these components can lead to the formation of gallstones.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones form due to an excess of cholesterol in the bile, while pigment stones form due to an excess of bilirubin, a waste product of hemoglobin breakdown. The exact mechanisms of gallstone formation are complex and can be influenced by genetic, dietary, and metabolic factors.

Causes for the development of gallstones in dogs include genetic predisposition, obesity, certain diets, and conditions that affect cholesterol and bilirubin balance. Anatomical abnormalities of the gallbladder or bile ducts can also play a role. Certain breeds, such as Miniature Schnauzers, appear to be more susceptible to developing gallstones.

Another factor that can contribute to the formation of gallstones is decreased gallbladder motility, also known as gallbladder dyskinesia. This can lead to inadequate emptying of bile and an increased concentration of the components that promote stone formation.

Symptoms

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of cholelithiasis in dogs can vary depending on the size and number of stones, as well as their location. In many cases, dogs show no obvious symptoms, especially if the stones are small and do not cause a blockage.

If symptoms do occur, they may include Vomiting, loss of appetite, Abdominal pain, jaundice (a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), and lethargy. These symptoms may appear suddenly or develop over a longer period of time.

A dog with gallstones may also show signs of discomfort or pain, especially after eating, since the gallbladder is more active during the digestion of fats. In severe cases, gallstones can cause inflammation or infection of the gallbladder, known as cholecystitis, which can lead to fever and severe abdominal pain.

Therapy

The treatment of gallstones in dogs depends on the severity of the symptoms and the size of the stones. In cases where the stones do not cause symptoms, conservative monitoring with regular check-ups may be sufficient. The veterinarian may also recommend a special diet to thin the bile and reduce the risk of further stone formation.

If the stones cause symptoms or complications such as infection or obstruction of the bile ducts occur, surgical removal of the stones or the entire gallbladder may be necessary. This operation, known as cholecystectomy, is typically performed under general anesthesia and requires careful postoperative monitoring.

In some cases, the veterinarian may prescribe medications to help dissolve the stones or treat gallbladder dyskinesia. These medications can help relieve symptoms and avoid or delay the need for surgery.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with cholelithiasis depends on several factors, including the size and number of stones, the presence of complications, and the dog’s overall health condition. In many cases, dogs can achieve a good quality of life after treatment, especially following successful surgery.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to avoid complications and improve the prognosis. Dogs that do not develop severe complications and in which the stones are successfully removed generally have a favorable prognosis.

However, some dogs may experience relapses, mainly if the underlying causes of stone formation are not addressed. Regular follow-up care and adjustments to diet and lifestyle can help reduce the risk of recurrent stone formation.

Prevention

Prevention of gallstones in dogs focuses on minimizing the risk factors that can contribute to stone formation. A balanced diet that is rich in fiber and low in saturated fats can help reduce the risk of gallstones. It is important that the dog’s diet is tailored to individual needs and health status.

Regular exercise can also help reduce the risk of gallstones by controlling the dog’s weight and supporting gallbladder health. Overweight and Obesity are known risk factors for the development of gallstones, so a healthy body weight is crucial.

Regular veterinary check-ups can help detect early signs of gallstones or other health problems. For dogs that are genetically or breed-predisposed to gallstones, the veterinarian may recommend additional precautions, such as special diets or supplements.

Outlook on current research

Current research on cholelithiasis in dogs has several focal points. A significant area is the investigation of causes and risk factors that lead to the formation of gallstones in dogs. Scientists are studying genetic predisposition, dietary habits, and environmental factors that could increase the likelihood of gallstone formation. Through studies on different dog breeds, researchers are trying to determine whether certain breeds are more susceptible to this condition than others.

Another research area focuses on diagnostic techniques for gallstones in dogs. While ultrasound is the most common method for detecting gallstones, more efficient and less invasive methods are being sought. Researchers are developing advanced imaging procedures that can not only detect the presence of gallstones but also more accurately determine their composition and location.

The treatment of cholelithiasis in dogs is also an active area of research. Current studies are evaluating the effectiveness of medical treatments compared to surgical interventions. This includes investigating whether certain medications can promote the dissolution of gallstones and how they compare to traditional surgical procedures. Additionally, new surgical techniques are being researched that promise faster recovery and fewer complications.

Prevention of gallstones is another important research field. Scientists are exploring various dietary approaches that could reduce the risk of stone formation. This includes studies on special foods and supplements that could support gallbladder function and optimize cholesterol levels in the dog’s body.

Finally, researchers are investigating the long-term effects of gallstones and their treatment on the overall health and quality of life of dogs. Long-term studies aim to assess the frequency of relapses and the quality of life of dogs after treatment for gallstones. These studies are crucial to developing the best treatment and management strategies for affected dogs.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are gallstones in dogs?
Gallstones, also known as cholelithiasis, are solid deposits that can form in a dog's gallbladder. They consist primarily of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium salts and can vary in size. These stones can block the gallbladder and bile ducts, which can lead to pain and other health problems. -
2. How can I tell if my dog has gallstones?
Symptoms of gallstones in dogs can include abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice, and general malaise. In some cases, however, gallstones can be asymptomatic and only detected through imaging procedures such as ultrasound. If gallstones are suspected, a veterinarian should be consulted. -
3. Which dogs are most susceptible to gallstones?
Although gallstones are relatively rare in dogs, certain breeds such as Miniature Schnauzers and Shetland Sheepdogs may be more susceptible. Factors such as age, gender, and genetic predisposition can also play a role. Older and female dogs may have a higher risk of developing gallstones. -
4. How are gallstones diagnosed in dogs?
The diagnosis of gallstones is typically made through imaging procedures such as ultrasound or X-ray. These methods allow the veterinarian to visualize the stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Blood tests can also be performed to detect signs of inflammatory conditions or liver dysfunction. -
5. What treatment options are available for gallstones in dogs?
The treatment of gallstones depends on the size, location, and symptoms. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to dissolve the stones. For larger or problematic stones, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the stones. The veterinarian will recommend the best treatment option based on the individual case of the dog. -
6. Can gallstones in dogs be treated without surgery?
Yes, in some cases gallstones can be treated with medications that help dissolve the stones. However, these treatments are not always effective, especially with large or numerous stones. Regular checkups are necessary to monitor progress and adjust treatment if needed. -
7. How can I prevent gallstones in my dog?
A balanced diet and regular exercise can reduce the risk of gallstone formation. Some veterinarians recommend special diets or supplements that support gallbladder health. It is also important to conduct regular veterinary visits to monitor the dog's health. -
8. Is gallstone removal surgery risky for dogs?
As with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with gallstone removal. These can include infections, bleeding, or complications from anesthesia. However, most dogs recover well after surgery, especially when the procedure is performed by an experienced veterinarian. -
9. How long is the recovery time after gallstone removal surgery?
Recovery time varies depending on age, health status, and type of surgery performed. In general, dogs need several weeks to fully recover from gallstone surgery. During this time, they should rest and follow the veterinarian's recommendations regarding activity level and diet. -
10. Can gallstones in dogs disappear on their own?
In some rare cases, small gallstones can disappear on their own or remain unnoticed without causing symptoms. However, larger stones or those causing complications typically require medical treatment. It is important to conduct regular veterinary examinations to monitor the condition of the gallbladder.

Literature

  • Arnold, I. J., & Jeyakumar, S. (2025). Biliary samples in dogs with surgically managed cholelithiasis often yield positive bacterial cultures. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 87(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0148
  • Allan, F., Watson, P. J., & McCallum, K. E. (2021). Clinical features and outcomes in 38 dogs with cholelithiasis receiving conservative or surgical management. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(6), 2730–2742. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16284
  • Ward, P. M., Brown, K., Hammond, G., Parkin, T., Bouyssou, S., Coia, M., Nurra, G., & Ridyard, A. E. (2020). Cholelithiasis in the dog: Prevalence, clinical presentation, and outcome. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 56(3), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7000
  • Teixeira, F. A., Aicher, K. M., & Duarte, R. (2025). Nutritional factors related to canine gallbladder diseases—A scoping review. Veterinary Sciences, 12(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010005
  • Kanemoto, H., Fukushima, K., Tsujimoto, H., & Ohno, K. (2017). Intrahepatic cholelithiasis in dogs and cats: A case series. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 58(9), 971–973.
  • Mizutani, S., Torisu, S., Kaneko, Y., Yamamoto, S., Fujimoto, S., Ong, B. H. E., & Naganobu, K. (2017). Retrospective analysis of canine gallbladder contents in biliary sludge and gallbladder mucoceles. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 79(2), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0562
  • Kirpensteijn, J., Fingland, R. B., Ulrich, T., & Sikkema, D. A. (1993). Cholelithiasis in dogs: 29 cases (1980–1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 202(7), 1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.202.07.1137
  • Kang, J. H., Jung, J. H., Ahn, S. Y., Han, H. J., Kim, M. Y., & Yoon, H. Y. (2024). Intrahepatic duct incision and closure for the treatment of multiple cholelithiasis in a dog. Veterinary Sciences, 11(8), Article 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080378
  • Arnold, I. J., & Jeyakumar, S. (2025). Biliary samples in dogs with surgically managed cholelithiasis often yield positive bacterial cultures. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 87(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0148
  • Allan, F., Watson, P. J., & McCallum, K. E. (2021). Clinical features and outcomes in 38 dogs with cholelithiasis receiving conservative or surgical management. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(6), 2730–2742. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16284
  • Ward, P. M., Brown, K., Hammond, G., Parkin, T., Bouyssou, S., Coia, M., Nurra, G., & Ridyard, A. E. (2020). Cholelithiasis in the dog: Prevalence, clinical presentation, and outcome. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 56(3), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7000
  • Teixeira, F. A., Aicher, K. M., & Duarte, R. (2025). Nutritional factors related to canine gallbladder diseases—A scoping review. Veterinary Sciences, 12(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010005
  • Kanemoto, H., Fukushima, K., Tsujimoto, H., & Ohno, K. (2017). Intrahepatic cholelithiasis in dogs and cats: A case series. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 58(9), 971–973.
  • Mizutani, S., Torisu, S., Kaneko, Y., Yamamoto, S., Fujimoto, S., Ong, B. H. E., & Naganobu, K. (2017). Retrospective analysis of canine gallbladder contents in biliary sludge and gallbladder mucoceles. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 79(2), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0562
  • Kirpensteijn, J., Fingland, R. B., Ulrich, T., & Sikkema, D. A. (1993). Cholelithiasis in dogs: 29 cases (1980–1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 202(7), 1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.202.07.1137
  • Kang, J. H., Jung, J. H., Ahn, S. Y., Han, H. J., Kim, M. Y., & Yoon, H. Y. (2024). Intrahepatic duct incision and closure for the treatment of multiple cholelithiasis in a dog. Veterinary Sciences, 11(8), Article 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080378