Spurge Species (Euphorbia Spp.)
Wolf’s milk plants (Euphorbiaceae) are an extensive plant family with over 2000 species that are distributed worldwide. Characteristic of these plants is the milky, white sap that escapes when the plant is injured and contains various toxic substances. The best-known representatives in households and gardens include the poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), the crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii), croton (Codiaeum variegatum) as well as various native wolf’s milk species in gardens and meadows.
The toxicological relevance of these plants for pets results from the terpenes they contain, in particular triterpene saponins and diterpene esters, which can have a strong irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The degree of toxicity varies considerably between the different species, with some species such as the poinsettia being less toxic than previously thought, while other species such as the leafy wolf’s milk (Euphorbia lathyris) can cause significantly more severe symptoms of poisoning.
Poisoning in pets is comparatively rare, as the sharp, bitter taste of the latex is usually deterrent for dogs and cats. Nevertheless, especially young, curious animals or those with Pica behavior can be affected.
The most important facts at a glance
Poisoning by wolf’s milk species represents a relevant toxicological risk for dogs and cats, although they occur comparatively rarely due to the deterrent taste of the latex. The toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. agents, mainly various terpene compounds, can cause different symptom complexes depending on the route of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats..
Skin contact leads to local irritation with redness and swelling, while eye contact can cause potentially serious corneal damage. OralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. causes irritation of the oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients., salivation, vomiting, and diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems.. In severe cases, neurological symptoms and cardiovascular impairments can also occur.
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is primarily based on the medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits. and clinical signs, whereby identification of the responsible plant is helpful. The therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is symptomatic and, depending on the route of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats., includes decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. measures, supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., and treatment of specific symptoms.
The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is generally good with timely and adequate treatment, although eye injuries in particular carry an increased risk of permanent damage. Preventive measures such as removing toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants from the environment of pets are the most effective protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment. against poisoning.
Pet owners should be informed about the potential dangers of spurge plants and seek veterinary help immediately if poisoning is suspected. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome.
Causes, development and progression
The toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. agents are, in particular, various terpenes (triterpene saponins, diterpene esters) that irritate the skin, the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and the conjunctiva, and can damage the nervous system, liver and kidneys.
The skin irritations develop within hours after Contact and then subside in the next few days.
Supplement
Poisoning by wolf’s milk species occurs mainly through three routes of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats.: oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., skin contact and eye contact. In the case of oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., the animals chew or swallow parts of plants, whereby even small amounts of the latex can be sufficient to cause irritation in the mouth and throat area. However, the bitter taste often leads to animals avoiding ingesting larger quantities.
Skin contact usually occurs when animals roam through plant populations or come into contact with broken off plant parts. The escaping latex can cause irritation on the skin, especially on sparsely haired areas. Eye contact is particularly problematic, which can lead to serious corneal damage if the latex gets directly into the eye.
The toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. agents in wolf’s milk plants include various terpene compounds that have different effects in the organism. The diterpenes have a strong irritant effect on mucous membranes and can triggerA trigger is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction or state. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to emotional responses, such as fear or aggression, or medical conditions, such as seizures in dogs and cats. inflammatory conditions. Triterpene saponins affect cell membrane permeability and can lead to tissue damage. Some species also contain phorbol esters, which act as tumorA tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Tumors can develop in any part of the body and affect various functions. promoters and can activate proteinProteins are large molecules made up of amino acids and play an essential role in almost all biological processes. They are necessary for building body tissue, the function of the immune system, and as enzymes for metabolic reactions. kinase C.
The toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. varies depending on the plant species, plant age and season. In general, the latex is more concentrated in young, growing plant parts. In addition, studies have shown that the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. concentration may be higher during the flowering period.
Mechanism of action
The toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. is based on a complex mixture of riding and cytotoxic substances, in particular diterpene esters, phorbol esters and euphorbone, which are contained in high concentration in the latex. Contact with injured plant parts is particularly critical, as the white, sticky latex easily transfers to the skin, mucous membranes or eyes.
1. Toxicologically Relevant Ingredients
| Main active ingredients | ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. effect |
| Diterpene esters (e.g., phorbol esters) | Inflammation induction, cytotoxicity |
| Euphorbone | Irritation of mucous membranes and skin |
| Latex (milky sap) | highly irritating on skin or mucous membrane contact |
2. Mechanisms of action after ingestion or Contact
A) Irritation of Mucous Membranes and Skin
- The diterpene esters have a strong irritant to corrosive effect on epithelial cellsEpithelial cells are the cells that make up epithelial tissue. They line the outer surfaces of the body, as well as internal cavities, ducts, and organs, and perform functions such as protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration..
- Mechanism:
- Activation of proteinProteins are large molecules made up of amino acids and play an essential role in almost all biological processes. They are necessary for building body tissue, the function of the immune system, and as enzymes for metabolic reactions. kinase C (PKC) in epithelial cellsEpithelial cells are the cells that make up epithelial tissue. They line the outer surfaces of the body, as well as internal cavities, ducts, and organs, and perform functions such as protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. → inflammatory reaction
- Release of cytokines and prostaglandins
- Cell membrane destructionDestruction means "demolition." In medicine, it refers to the destruction of cells, tissues, organs, or body parts. The growth of malignant Tumors is also usually accompanied by destruction of the surrounding tissue., apoptosis-inducing
- Clinical consequences:
- Salivation, oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. inflammation, difficulty swallowing
- Stomatitis, glossitis, gastroenteritis
- Eye irritation up to conjunctivitis and keratitis with eye contact
b) Gastrointestinal toxicity
- After oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., the following occurs:
- Vomiting, sometimes bloody
- DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain
- Irritation of the gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. up to gastritic erosions
- In rare cases (especially in puppies/kittens) → electrolyte disturbances, circulatory symptoms
C) Systemic Effect (Rare, with Large Intake)
- At very high doses or in particularly sensitive animals:
- CNSCNS stands for the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls many functions of the body. depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment. or seizures
- Liver or kidney toxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. due to secondary metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being.
- HemorrhagicHemorrhagic refers to anything related to Bleeding. In medicine, it describes conditions or events that are caused by or characterized by Bleeding, such as hemorrhagic Fever. gastroenteritis
- Probably secondary to cytotoxicity and inflammatory mediators
3. Species Differences
Dog:
- Often eats parts of houseplants
- Shows mainly gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms and salivation
- Risk: Aspiration of vomit with heavy salivation
Cat:
- Very sensitive to oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. or dermal ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.
- Often licks contaminatedContaminated describes something that has been polluted by harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or other dangerous substances. In veterinary medicine, this can affect food, water, toys, or the environment. fur after skin contact
- Eye contact or oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. → often severe stomatitis and conjunctivitis
4. Summary of toxic effects
| Structure | ToxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. mechanism | Consequences for dog/cat |
| Mucous membranes | Irritation by diterpene esters, PKC activation | Stomatitis, hypersalivation, Vomiting |
| Skin and eyes | Irritation by latex | Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm |
| GIT | Irritation, inflammation, cytotoxicity | DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. ulcers |
| Systemic | (rare) Inflammation, cell breakdown | ApathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest., elevated liver values, cerebral symptoms |
Conclusion
Wolf’s milk plants such as euphorbias contain irritating, cytotoxic diterpene esters, which can cause sometimes serious complaints in dogs and cats after contact with mucous membranes, skin or after oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems.. The symptoms are usually local (inflammatory), in rare cases also systemic. Due to the high irritation potential of the latex, these plants should be placed out of reach of pets.
Symptoms of intoxication
First symptoms as a result of the inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and the kidneys are:
- Vomiting
- Bloody diarrhea
- Colic-like pain
- Kidney inflammation
- Bloody urine
Damage to the nervous system includes
- Dilated pupils
- GaitUncertainty / disorientation
- Disorientation
- States of excitation
- Seizures
- ParalysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.
Damage to the cardiovascular system
- Cardiovascular Collapse
- Cardiac Arrhythmias
Supplements
The clinical signs of poisoning by wolf’s milk species typically develop within a few hours after exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. and vary depending on the route of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. and the amount ingested. In the case of oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., affected animals initially show local signs of irritation in the mouth and throat area. Characteristic is increased salivation (hypersalivation), which can often be foamy. The animals show signs of discomfort such as lip licking, head shaking or rubbing the mouth on objects.
If larger quantities are ingested or in particularly sensitive animals, gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms may occur. These include Vomiting, which may be bloody, as well as diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems.. In severe cases, colic-like abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain can occur, which manifests itself in a tense posture, restlessness or expressions of pain.
Skin contact leads to dermatitis with redness (erythema), swelling (edemaAn edema is a buildup of fluid in the body's tissues, leading to Swelling. Edema can be localized or generalized and is often a sign of an underlying condition.) and, in severe cases, blistering. The skin reactions typically develop within hours after Contact and can last for several days. Affected animals show increased licking, Scratching or rubbing of the affected areas.
Eye contact with the latex is particularly dangerous. Here it comes to Conjunctivitis with redness, swelling and increased lacrimation. In severe cases, keratitis with clouding of the cornea and potentially permanent damage can occur.
In the case of pronounced poisoning, systemic symptoms can also occur, which indicate an involvement of the nervous system. These include dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). of the pupils (mydriasis), coordination disorders (ataxia), disorientation, states of excitement up to seizures and paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system.. The cardiovascular system can also be affected, which can manifest itself in cardiac arrhythmiaAn arrhythmia is a heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular pattern. Arrhythmias can be harmless or a sign of serious heart problems. or, in extreme cases, in cardiovascular collapse.
In cats, symptoms may be more pronounced than in dogs due to their unique metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. physiologyPhysiology is the science of the normal functions and mechanisms in a living organism. It includes the study of how organs and systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level., especially regarding neurological signs.
Diagnosis
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of poisoning by wolf’s milk species is based primarily on the medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., the clinical symptoms and, if necessary, the detection of plant residues. A thorough questioning of the pet owner is essential in order to obtain information about possible sources of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats.. Here, one should ask about the presence of wolf’s milk plants in the household or garden, as well as about observed chewing or playing behavior of the animal with plants.
The clinical examination includes a thorough inspection of the oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. cavity for signs of irritation or burns, as well as an assessment of the hydration status in animals with Vomiting or diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems.. If eye contact is suspected, an ophthalmological examination with fluorescein stainingFluorescein staining is a diagnostic technique that uses fluorescein, a fluorescent dye, to make tissues, cells, or microbiological samples visible under a microscope, especially in ophthalmology to detect damage to the cornea. is indicated to identify corneal defects.
Laboratory diagnostic measures can be used to provide support, but are not specific for wolf’s milk poisoning. A blood count can provide indications of inflammatory conditions, while blood chemistry can show changes in liver or kidney values in severe poisoning. In selected cases, a urine test can be useful to assess possible kidney involvement.
The definitive identification of the responsible plant is helpful for the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. If possible, pet owners should bring plant parts with them or take photos of the suspicious plants. In the event of Uncertainty / disorientation, the consultation of a botanist or the use of specialized plant databases can contribute to identification.
In the differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis is the process of weighing two or more conditions that cause similar symptoms to determine the specific cause of a patient's symptoms., other poisoning with similar symptoms must be excluded, in particular those that also cause mucous membrane irritation, such as Contact with caustics or other irritating substances. Non-toxic causes for Vomiting, diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems. or neurological symptoms should also be considered.
Therapeutic principles
There is no antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects..
The decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. concerns in particular the eyes and the skin. If the eyes are affected, prolonged (15 min) rinsing with lukewarm water with the eyelids open is particularly important. Otherwise, severe corneal lesions with clouding and tissue breakdown could occur.
The further therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is symptomatic.
The treatment of poisoning by wolf’s milk species is primarily symptomatic, as no specific antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. exists. The therapeutic measures depend on the route of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats., the severity of the symptoms and the time since ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems..
In the case of skin contact, thorough decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. is the priority. The affected skin areas should be washed with lukewarm water and mild soap to remove the adhering latex. Care should be taken to ensure that the washing water does not get into the eyes. After cleaning, cooling, soothing compresses or anti-inflammatory ointments can relieve the local signs of irritation.
Eye contact with the latex is particularly critical. Immediate and thorough rinsing with physiological saline solution or lukewarm water for at least 15–20 minutes is required here. The rinsing should be carried out with the eyelids open in order to reach all areas of the eye. After the initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. rinse, a veterinary examination is essential to assess the extent of possible corneal damage. Depending on the findings, local antibiotics, anti-inflammatory eye drops and pain-relieving medication can be used.
In the case of oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., gastric lavage can be considered if the ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. occurred less than 1–2 hours ago and there are no contraindications. The administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. (1–4 g/kg body weight) can reduce the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of toxins that have not yet been absorbed. In the case of Vomiting and diarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., fluid and electrolyte therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is essential to prevent dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse.. AntiemeticsAntiemetics are medications used to prevent or treat Nausea and Vomiting. In dogs and cats, they are used in various situations, including after surgery, for motion sickness, or for certain conditions that cause Nausea. such as maropitant (1 mg/kg s.c.) can be used to control Vomiting.
In the case of gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms, gastric mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. protectants such as sucralfate (0.5-1 g per animal every 8–12 hours) and proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole (0.5-1 mg/kg once daily) can help to alleviate the symptoms. In the case of severe Pain, analgesics such as butorphanol (0.2-0.4 mg/kg i.m. or i.v.) or buprenorphine (0.01-0.02 mg/kg i.v.) can be used.
Neurological symptoms require close monitoring and, if necessary, the administration of anticonvulsantsAnticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs, are medications used to control or prevent seizures. They are used in dogs and cats with epilepsy or other conditions that cause seizures. such as diazepam (0.5-2 mg/kg i.v.) in the event of seizures. In severe cases, inpatient admission with intensive care may be necessary.
Prognosis & follow-up care
The prognosis for poisoning by wolf’s milk species is generally favorable, provided that appropriate and timely treatment is given. Most animals recover completely within a few days to weeks, depending on the severity of the poisoning and the affected organ system.
In the case of skin contact, the signs of irritation typically subside within 3–5 days without leaving any permanent damage. Eye injuries have a variable prognosis; superficial corneal lesions mostly heal without complications, while deeper ulcerations can lead to scar tissue formation and permanent visual impairment. Regular follow-up by a veterinarian with ophthalmological experience is essential in the case of eye involvement.
GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms usually respond well to symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. and subside within 24–48 hours. In the case of severe poisoning with systemic involvement, especially with neurological or cardiovascular symptoms, the recovery time may be longer and require closer monitoring.
Aftercare includes follow-up examinations to assess the healing process, depending on the severity of the poisoning. In animals with gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. symptoms, a gentle diet may be recommended for a few days. Animals with eye involvement often require longer-term local therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. and regular monitoring of the healing process.
To prevent further cases of poisoning, pet owners should be informed about the risks of wolf’s milk plants. It is recommended to remove known toxic plants from the vicinity of pets or to make them inaccessible. Alternatively, non-toxic ornamental plants can serve as a substitute. In the case of garden plants, attention should be paid to native wolf’s milk species, which are particularly present in spring and summer.
Research outlook
Research on poisoning by spurge species in pets is constantly evolving. Current studies focus on several key areas that could improve the understanding and management of these poisonings.
An important area of research concerns the more precise characterization of the toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. compounds in various spurge species and their specific mechanisms of action. Modern analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and massIn pathology, the term "mass" is used to describe an abnormal lump or growth in the body. A mass can form in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, or even inside the body. The causes can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). spectrometry enable a more precise identification and quantification of the toxins. These findings could lead to the development of more specific treatment approaches.
Increasingly, the different sensitivities of various animal species and breeds to spurge toxins are also in focus. InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. studies suggest that cats may be more sensitive than dogs due to their particular metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. physiologyPhysiology is the science of the normal functions and mechanisms in a living organism. It includes the study of how organs and systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level.. Even within the dog populationIn veterinary medicine, the term population refers to a group of animals of a particular species living in a specific geographic area or environment., there appear to be breed-related differences in toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. sensitivity.
In the field of diagnostics, new rapid tests are being researched that could enable a faster identification of specific plant toxins. Such tests would be particularly valuable in emergency situations when the responsible plant cannot be identified.
Therapeutically, the focus is on improved treatment protocols for corneal lesions after eye contact with spurge sap. Innovative approaches such as the use of amniotic membranes or special corneal adhesives show promising results in the treatment of severe corneal defects.
Epidemiological studies examine the seasonal and regional distribution of poisoning cases in order to better understand risk factors and develop targeted preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies. Databases from poison control centers provide valuable information about the frequency and severity of spurge poisoning compared to other plant poisonings.
These research efforts contribute to continuously improving the management of spurge poisoning in pets and could lead to more specific treatment options in the future.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- How do I identify spurge plants in my garden or home?
Wolf’s milk plants can be recognized by the characteristic milky sap that escapes when the plant is injured. Common houseplants include poinsettia, crown of thorns, and croton. In the garden, there are various wolf’s milk species with typical inflorescence and opposite leaves. - Are all spurge species equally toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to my pet?
No, the toxicity varies considerably between the species. While some, like the poinsettia, are comparatively mildly toxic, other species, such as the leafy wolf’s milk, contain significantly higher concentrations of toxins. - Which parts of spurge plants are particularly toxic?
The latex contains the highest concentration of toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. substances. It is found in all parts of the plant, but is particularly evident when stems and leaves are injured. - My cat nibbled on a poinsettia – is that an emergency?
Not necessarily. Monitor your pet for symptoms such as salivation, Vomiting, or mouth irritation. For mild symptoms, rinse the mouth with water. If symptoms are more severe or if there is eye contact, you should seek veterinary attention immediately. - Can my dog die from spurge poisoning?
Deaths are rare because most animals ingest only small amounts. However, severe poisoning with systemic involvement can be life-threatening, especially if treatment is not received in time. - How do I treat eye contact with spurge sap in my pet?
Immediately flush the eye with lukewarm water or physiological saline solution for at least 15-20 minutes. Keep the eyelids open and then seek veterinary attention immediately. - Are there non-toxic alternatives to popular spurge plants for my home?
Yes, there are many pet-friendly alternatives. Instead of the poinsettia, you can choose Christmas cactus or azaleas; instead of croton, calathea species or ferns are suitable. - How long does it take for my pet to recover from spurge poisoning?
In the case of mild poisoning with mainly local symptoms, recovery is to be expected within 24–48 hours. In more severe cases, especially with eye involvement, recovery can take several weeks. - Are certain dog or cat breeds more susceptible to spurge poisoning?
Current research suggests possible breed-related differences in sensitivity, but there is no clear evidence of specific breed predispositions yet. In general, cats seem to react more sensitively than dogs. - Can I take preventive measures to protect my pet from spurge poisoning?
The most effective preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is to remove toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants from your pet’s environment or place them in inaccessible places. Find out about toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants in your garden and offer your animal safe alternatives to chew on, such as special cat grass.
Literature
- Cortinovis C, Caloni F. Epidemiology of intoxication of domestic animals by plants in Europe. The Veterinary Journal. 2013;197(2):163-168.
- Poppenga RH, Gwaltney-Brant SM. Small Animal Toxicology Essentials. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2021.
- Milewski LM, Khan SA. An overview of potentially life-threatening poisonous plants in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 2020;30(2):139-150.
- Bertero A, Fossati P, Caloni F. Indoor poisonous plants for cats: European advice for cat owners. Journal of FelineFeline refers to anything related to cats. The term is used to describe diseases, behaviors, or anatomical aspects that are specific to cats. Medicine and Surgery. 2020;22(5):442-448.
- Fitzgerald KT. Lily toxicity in the cat. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 2010;25(4):213-217.
- Löwe G, Löwe O. Poisonings in Dogs and Cats – A Veterinary Guide. 2nd Edition. Kreuztal: Kynos-Verlag. 2021; 208 p.