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Foreign body in the esophagus

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.02.2026

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Foreign bodies in dogs and cats

Foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). (esophageal foreign body)
An esophageal foreign body is an object that has become stuck in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., e.g. pieces of bone or toy parts. Symptoms include gagging, drooling, Dysphagie and regurgitationRegurgitation is the reflux of food or liquid from the stomach into the mouth without Vomiting or strong abdominal muscle contractions. It may be a sign of diseases of the esophagus or other gastrointestinal problems.. There is a risk of mucosal damage up to PerforationA perforation is a rupture or hole in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract or bladder, which can lead to the release of contents into the body and severe infection. Perforations are Emergencies that require rapid veterinary intervention in dogs and cats., so it is an emergency.

A foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). refers to any foreign object that remains stuck after swallowing in the area between the pharynxThe pharynx is the part of the neck behind the oral cavity and nose. It serves as a passage / transit for air and food and plays an important role in breathing and swallowing. and stomach. The esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynxThe pharynx is the part of the neck behind the oral cavity and nose. It serves as a passage / transit for air and food and plays an important role in breathing and swallowing. to the stomach. In dogs and cats, it initially runs in the neck area along the tracheaThe trachea, or windpipe, is a tubular organ that carries air from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi in the lungs. It consists of ring-shaped pieces of cartilage that ensure it remains open., then enters the chest, passes through the diaphragm and finally opens into the stomach. Anatomically, the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). has three natural constrictions: at the transition from the pharynxThe pharynx is the part of the neck behind the oral cavity and nose. It serves as a passage / transit for air and food and plays an important role in breathing and swallowing. to the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., in the area of the heart and at the passage through the diaphragm. These physiological constrictions represent predisposed locations for foreign bodies to get stuck.

The esophageal wall consists of several layers: the inner mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. (Mukosa), a connective tissue layer (submucosa), a muscle layer (muscularis) and an outer connective tissue sheath (adventitia). These layers are sensitive to pressure and injuries from foreign bodies, which can lead to Inflammatory conditions, necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems. or even Perforations.

In contrast to humans, in whom foreign bodies in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). are often bones or fish bones, dogs and cats swallow a broader spectrum of objects, which is related to their different eating behavior.

Causes

Foreign bodies in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). occur in dogs and cats due to various circumstances, with the typical causes differing somewhat between the two animal species.

In dogs, hasty or greedy eating is a major cause of swallowing foreign bodies. Particularly large pieces of meat or bone are often insufficiently chewed and can get stuck in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).. Bone fragments pose a particular danger because they can be sharp-edged and injure the esophageal wall. Toy parts, balls, stones or other small objects are also frequently swallowed by dogs, especially young, playful animals or those with a pronounced urge to chew and swallow.

In cats, linear foreign bodies such as threads, cords or wool scraps are particularly problematic. These can wrap around the base of the tongue and then extend into the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., where they are pulled deeper and deeper when swallowed. Cats also occasionally swallow blades of grass or small toy parts.

For both animal species, certain anatomical or pathologicalPathological refers to anything related to diseases or their processes. Pathological changes are those that deviate from the normal structure or function and indicate a disease. factors can increase the risk of a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).:

CongenitalCongenital means "present from birth" and refers to characteristics or conditions that are already present at birth. This can include genetic disorders, developmental anomalies, or infections transmitted by the mother. narrowing of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).
Acquired stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. after previous injuries or Inflammatory conditions
Tumors that narrow the lumen of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).
Motility disorders of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). that hinder normal transport

Button batteries are particularly dangerous because they not only mechanically block the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., but can also cause severe burns and tissue necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems. due to electrochemical reactions. Similarly problematic are sharp-edged objects such as fishhooks, needles or bone splinters, which can perforate the esophageal wall.

Foreign bodies in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). are generally less common in cats than in dogs, which is due to their more selective eating behavior. However, when they do occur, they are often associated with linear foreign bodies, which pose specific challenges in diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment.

Symptoms

Foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). in dogs and cats

Typical Symptoms:

Gagging or retching movements, as if the dog wants to vomit.
Increased salivation or foaming at the mouth.
Cough or gagging wheezing.
Food/water comes straight back up, possibly cough

Alarm signs:

DysphagiaDysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. In dogs and cats, dysphagia can be caused by diseases of the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus and impair the animal's ability to eat. (the dog tries to swallow unsuccessfully, head stretched downwards).
Shortness of breath, severe Pain, blood in saliva
Restlessness or expressions of Pain, possibly Whining.
Inability to swallow, increasing weakness
No food intake
Partially altered breathing
Suspicion of bone/fishing/foreign body sharp/pointed

Escalation/course:

Hours: Esophagitis/Ödem → Fixation increases
24–48 h: Ulzeration/Perforation risk increases significantly
Days: Aspiration pneumonia possible (Cough, Fever, Dyspnoe)

The clinical signs of a foreign body in the esophagus can vary depending on the location, type of foreign body and duration of the obstructionobstruction refers to the blockage or narrowing of a hollow organ or canal, which hinders the normal flow of liquids or gases. In dogs and cats, an obstruction can occur in the digestive tract, airways, or urinary tract and often requires immediate medical treatment.. Typically, the symptoms occur immediately after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of the foreign body, but may also appear delayed in partial obstructions.

The following symptoms are characteristic in dogs and cats:

Increased salivation (hypersalivation) is one of the most noticeable signs. The animals cannot swallow normally, causing saliva to drip from the mouth or foamy saliva to be visible around the lips. Repeated gagging and attempts to swallow are also typical, with the animals often stretching their head forward and hyperextending their neck to relieve the discomfort. These gagging movements can be confused with a Cough, but are actually unsuccessful attempts to move or expel the foreign body.

RegurgitationRegurgitation is the reflux of food or liquid from the stomach into the mouth without Vomiting or strong abdominal muscle contractions. It may be a sign of diseases of the esophagus or other gastrointestinal problems. of food and water occurs frequently, with the material being unchanged and undigested, in contrast to Vomiting, which contains stomach acid and is partially digested. RegurgitationRegurgitation is the reflux of food or liquid from the stomach into the mouth without Vomiting or strong abdominal muscle contractions. It may be a sign of diseases of the esophagus or other gastrointestinal problems. usually occurs immediately after eating or drinking, when the foreign body completely blocks the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)..

AnorexiaAnorexia describes the loss of appetite or the lack of desire to eat. Although often associated with anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder, anorexia can also be caused by other medical and psychological factors. (Refusal to eat) is another common symptom, as the animals experience Pain on swallowing or the food cannot pass the obstructionobstruction refers to the blockage or narrowing of a hollow organ or canal, which hinders the normal flow of liquids or gases. In dogs and cats, an obstruction can occur in the digestive tract, airways, or urinary tract and often requires immediate medical treatment.. In severe cases, Dysphagie (swallowing disorder) may also be observed, in which the animals show interest in the food but have difficulty ingesting or swallowing it.

Restlessness, discomfort and expressions of Pain are further signs. The animals may be restless, repeatedly change their position or, when trying to swallow, Whining or yelping. In cats, the Pain can manifest itself through withdrawal or unusual Vocalizations.

In advanced cases or with Perforations of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., additional symptoms may occur:

Fever as a sign of an infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. or Inflammatory conditions
Shortness of breath or altered breathing, especially if the foreign body is pressing on the tracheaThe trachea, or windpipe, is a tubular organ that carries air from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi in the lungs. It consists of ring-shaped pieces of cartilage that ensure it remains open.
Swelling in the neck area if an inflammation or an abscess has developed
Lethargy and general deterioration of general condition

In cats with linear foreign bodies, a thread or string visible under the tongue can also be an important diagnostic clue. These animals often show a characteristic gagging with the tongue stretched out.

The symptoms may be less pronounced in partial obstructionobstruction refers to the blockage or narrowing of a hollow organ or canal, which hinders the normal flow of liquids or gases. In dogs and cats, an obstruction can occur in the digestive tract, airways, or urinary tract and often requires immediate medical treatment., with the animals possibly only gagging occasionally or refusing certain types of food (e.g. solid food, while liquid food can still pass).

First Aid

Stay calm and secure your dog. Keep the dog as calm as possible and avoid unnecessary stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being.. Excited or panicked movements can move the foreign body further or cause injuries.
No violent attempts to pull out the foreign body. There is a risk of pushing the foreign body further into the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). or causing injuries. Only try to remove the object if it is clearly visible and easily accessible (e.g. in the pharynxThe pharynx is the part of the neck behind the oral cavity and nose. It serves as a passage / transit for air and food and plays an important role in breathing and swallowing.). Be careful not to injure yourself or stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. the dog.
Do not force Vomiting. Do not try to make the dog vomit, for example with salt water or other home remedies. This can lead to additional injuries, especially if the foreign body is angular or pointed.
Veterinary help is necessary as soon as possible. A foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). can quickly lead to serious complications such as Perforations (piercing of the esophageal wall) or tissue damage. Contact your veterinarian or a veterinary hospital immediately and announce your arrival so that the team is prepared. In the veterinary practice, an X-rayX-ray is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. It is often used to diagnose bone fractures, lung diseases, and other conditions. examination or an endoscopyEndoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light source and a camera at the end) to examine and visualize the inside of the body, often for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. (esophagoscopy) is usually carried out first to determine the location and size of the foreign body. Removal can be done endoscopically or surgically.
Transport your dog carefully. If possible, do not let him run over a long distance.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is based on a combination of medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits., clinical examination and imaging procedures. The diagnostic process must be carried out quickly, as delays increase the risk of complications.

In the Anamnese, the veterinarian records important information such as the time of onset of the symptoms, possible observed ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of a foreign body and the animal’s eating behavior. During the clinical examination, particular attention is paid to the pharynxThe pharynx is the part of the neck behind the oral cavity and nose. It serves as a passage / transit for air and food and plays an important role in breathing and swallowing., the neck area and the AbdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen.. In cats, the underside of the tongue is carefully inspected to identify possible linear foreign bodies.

Diagnostic imagingDiagnostic imaging includes medical procedures that create images of the inside of the body to diagnose, monitor, or treat diseases and injuries. Examples include X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). plays a central role. X-rays of the neck and thorax / chestThe thorax / chest is the upper part of the trunk, surrounded by the ribs, sternum, and spine. It protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs. in two planes (lateralLateral refers to the side of the body or a body part, as opposed to medial, which describes a position closer to the midline of the body. In veterinary medicine, it is used to describe the location of structures or injuries. and ventrodorsal) are usually the first step. Radiopaque foreign bodies such as bones, metal objects, or stones are directly visible. Non-radiopaque objects such as wood, plastic, or textiles can be detected indirectly by air pockets, fluid levels, or soft tissue swelling. In some cases, a contrast study is helpful, in which a water-soluble contrast agent is administered to visualize the course of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). and identify obstructions. However, this method must be used with caution, as complications can occur in the event of complete obstructionobstruction refers to the blockage or narrowing of a hollow organ or canal, which hinders the normal flow of liquids or gases. In dogs and cats, an obstruction can occur in the digestive tract, airways, or urinary tract and often requires immediate medical treatment. or suspected perforationA perforation is a rupture or hole in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract or bladder, which can lead to the release of contents into the body and severe infection. Perforations are Emergencies that require rapid veterinary intervention in dogs and cats..

UltrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. can be particularly helpful in the neck area and cranialCranial refers to a position that is closer to the head or towards the head of an animal. In veterinary medicine, the term is used to describe the location of structures or diseases in relation to the head. thorax / chestThe thorax / chest is the upper part of the trunk, surrounded by the ribs, sternum, and spine. It protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs. to identify foreign bodies and assess accompanying inflammatory conditions or fluid accumulations. In complex cases, advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs. can be used, which allow a more detailed representation of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). and surrounding structures.

Esophagoscopy is both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. With a flexible or rigid endoscope, the entire esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). can be viewed directly, allowing precise localization and characterization of the foreign body. At the same time, in many cases, the foreign body can be removed directly. Esophagoscopy requires general anesthesia and should be performed by an experienced veterinarian.

Laboratory tests such as a complete blood count and blood chemistry are not specific for the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of a foreign body, but can provide important information about the animal’s general condition and reveal complications such as dehydrationDehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. This can lead to a number of problems, including headaches, Dizziness, and in extreme cases, renal failure or Cardiovascular collapse., electrolyte shifts, or infections.

If perforationA perforation is a rupture or hole in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract or bladder, which can lead to the release of contents into the body and severe infection. Perforations are Emergencies that require rapid veterinary intervention in dogs and cats. of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is suspected, additional tests such as thorax / chestThe thorax / chest is the upper part of the trunk, surrounded by the ribs, sternum, and spine. It protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs. X-rays may be necessary to detect mediastinitis, pneumomediastinum, or pleural effusion. In such cases, thoracocentesisThoracocentesis is a medical procedure in which fluid or air is removed from the chest using a needle or catheter. This may be necessary to relieve shortness of breath in dogs and cats caused by fluid accumulation or air in the chest. may also be indicated to obtain and analyze pleural fluidPleural fluid is a small amount of fluid located between the two pleural layers, acting as a lubricant to reduce friction during breathing..

Further veterinary measures

Treatment of a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). usually requires immediate intervention, as prolonged retention of the foreign body can lead to serious complications. The choice of therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. depends on various factors, including the type and location of the foreign body, duration of the obstructionobstruction refers to the blockage or narrowing of a hollow organ or canal, which hinders the normal flow of liquids or gases. In dogs and cats, an obstruction can occur in the digestive tract, airways, or urinary tract and often requires immediate medical treatment., clinical condition of the animal and any existing complications.

Endoscopic removal is the method of choice and is performed under general anesthesia. Using a flexible or rigid endoscope, the foreign body is visualized and then grasped and removed with special instruments such as grasping forceps, loops, or baskets. This method is particularly advantageous because it is minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. and allows for an assessment of the esophageal mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. for injuries at the same time. Special care must be taken with linear foreign bodies in cats to avoid injury. Here, the part wrapped around the base of the tongue is often loosened first, before the part located in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is removed.

In some cases, careful advancement of the foreign body into the stomach may be considered if direct removal is not possible. However, this technique is only used if the foreign body has no sharp edges and there are no injuries to the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).. The foreign body can then either be excreted naturally or, if necessary, removed by gastrotomy.

Surgical intervention (esophagotomy) is necessary if endoscopic removal is not successful or if complications such as Perforations already exist. Access to the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is via the neck, chest or diaphragm, depending on the location of the foreign body. Esophagotomy is a demanding procedure with an increased risk of complications, especially in the chest area, where a thoracotomy is required.

After removal of the foreign body, drug therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. usually includes:

Antibiotics for the Prävention or treatment of Infektion, especially in the case of injuries to the esophageal wall
Pain relievers to control Pain and Inflammatory conditions
Proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists to reduce gastric acid production and protect the damaged esophageal mucosa
In severe cases, intravenous fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. to correct Dehydratation and disorders in the electrolyte balanceThe electrolyte balance refers to the balance of electrolytes in the body, which is essential for many physiological processes. Disturbances in the electrolyte balance can lead to serious health problems.

Feeding management after removal of a foreign body is crucial for healing the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).. Depending on the severity of the injuries, temporary food withdrawal with parenteral nutrition or placement of a gastric tube may be necessary. In less severe cases, a gradual resumption of feeding with soft, easily digestible food is recommended.

In the event of complications such as stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. (narrowing) of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., repeated balloon dilations may be necessary to restore normal function. In particularly severe cases with extensive necrosis or non-healing Perforations, partial resection of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). with subsequent anastomosis may be necessary, which, however, is associated with increased morbidityMorbidity refers to the rate of people suffering from a disease within a specific population over a certain period. It provides information about the prevalence of a disease. and mortalityMortality is the death rate within a population over a specific period. It is often used to assess the severity of diseases or the effectiveness of health measures..

Prognosis and aftercare

The prognosis for foreign bodies in the esophagus depends largely on several factors: the length of time the foreign body has been lodged, the extent of tissue damage caused, the type of foreign body, and the timing of the intervention. In general, the earlier the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment, the better the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop..

In uncomplicated cases in which the foreign body can be removed endoscopically within 24 hours of ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. and there are no or only minimal mucosal lesions, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is good to excellent. Most animals recover completely without long-term consequences. If the foreign body remains lodged for a longer period (more than 24–48 hours), the risk of deeper tissue damage, necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems., and perforations increases significantly, which worsens the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop..

Foreign bodies with sharp edges or corrosive properties (such as button batteries) cause serious damage more quickly and are associated with a poorer prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.. Likewise, an already occurred perforationA perforation is a rupture or hole in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract or bladder, which can lead to the release of contents into the body and severe infection. Perforations are Emergencies that require rapid veterinary intervention in dogs and cats. with mediastinitis or pleuritis significantly worsens the chances of survival.

Aftercare plays a crucial role in complete recovery. In the first few days after removal of the foreign body, the animal should be closely monitored to detect complications early. Feeding is gradually adjusted: In the case of slight mucosal lesions, soft, mushy food can be started after 12–24 hours. In the case of more severe injuries, a longer period of nutritional abstinence with parenteral nutrition or nutrition via a gastric tube is necessary to promote healing of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)..

The drug aftercare typically includes:

Continuation of antibiotic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. for 7–14 days, depending on the severity of the lesions
Pain management for 3–7 days
Gastric protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment. with proton pump inhibitors for 2–4 weeks to reduce refluxReflux is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can lead to irritation and inflammatory conditions. In dogs and cats, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) can lead to symptoms such as drooling, difficulty swallowing, and discomfort. and promote mucosal healing

Follow-up examinations are important to monitor the healing process. A follow-up endoscopyEndoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light source and a camera at the end) to examine and visualize the inside of the body, often for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. can be performed 2–4 weeks after the procedure to assess mucosal healing and detect possible stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. early. Contrast studies can be helpful if stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. are suspected.

One of the most common long-term complications is the development of stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. (narrowing) of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., which can lead to recurrentRecurrent refers to a disease that repeatedly returns or worsens after a temporary remission or improvement. regurgitationRegurgitation is the reflux of food or liquid from the stomach into the mouth without Vomiting or strong abdominal muscle contractions. It may be a sign of diseases of the esophagus or other gastrointestinal problems.. These typically occur 1–4 weeks after the injury and often require repeated balloon dilations. In severe cases, stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. can be resistant to therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. and permanently impair the animal’s quality of life.

To preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. further foreign body episodes, owners should be educated about suitable toys and feeding practices. In dogs with greedy eating behavior, special anti-gulp bowls or dividing meals into smaller portions can be helpful. Cat owners should pay particular attention to linear objects such as threads, cords, or wool scraps and keep them out of reach.

Summary

Foreign bodies in the esophagus are a medical emergency in dogs and cats, requiring prompt diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment. The esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., a muscular tube between the pharynxThe pharynx is the part of the neck behind the oral cavity and nose. It serves as a passage / transit for air and food and plays an important role in breathing and swallowing. and stomach, has natural constrictions where foreign bodies are particularly likely to get stuck. While dogs often swallow bones, toys, or other objects by eating hastily, linear foreign bodies such as threads or cords are characteristic of cats.

The clinical symptoms include increased salivation, repeated gagging, regurgitationRegurgitation is the reflux of food or liquid from the stomach into the mouth without Vomiting or strong abdominal muscle contractions. It may be a sign of diseases of the esophagus or other gastrointestinal problems., refusal to eat, and expressions of pain. The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made by a combination of clinical examination, X-rays, and endoscopyEndoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light source and a camera at the end) to examine and visualize the inside of the body, often for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes., the latter often being used simultaneously for therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions..

The treatment aims at the fastest possible removal of the foreign body, preferably by endoscopic procedures. In more complicated cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. The subsequent therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. includes antibiotics, pain relievers, gastric protectionProtection refers to safeguarding against diseases or harm. In veterinary medicine, this can include protecting animals through vaccinations, the use of parasite control products, or providing a safe environment., and an adapted feeding management.

The prognosis depends largely on the length of time the foreign body has been lodged, the extent of tissue damage, and the timing of the intervention. Early treated, uncomplicated cases have an excellent prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop., while delayed treatment or severe complications such as perforations can significantly reduce the chances of survival.

The most common long-term complication is the development of stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment., which may require further treatment. Prävention measures such as adapted feeding practices and avoidance of dangerous toys are important to prevent recurrence.

Overall, the clinical picture underscores the importance of prompt veterinary care if a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is suspected, as well as the need for careful follow-up care to ensure complete recovery.

Outlook on current research

Research in the field of foreign body diseases of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). in small animals is constantly evolving, with the aim of improving diagnostic and treatment methods and reducing complications.

An important focus of research is on improving endoscopic techniques and instruments. Newer flexible endoscopes with higher resolution and improved maneuverability allow more precise visualization and manipulation of foreign bodies. Innovative gripping tools and extraction devices are being developed to remove even complex foreign bodies more safely. Particularly promising are advances in the removal of linear foreign bodies in cats, which traditionally pose a particular challenge.

In the field of treatment of esophageal stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment., a common complication after foreign body removal, new therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. approaches are being explored. In addition to the established balloon dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease)., biodegradable stents and local injections of drugs such as corticosteroidsCorticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that occur naturally in the body and can also be produced synthetically. They have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and are used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of conditions. or mitomycin C are being investigated to reduce scar tissue formation. InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. studies show promising results in the preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of recurrentRecurrent refers to a disease that repeatedly returns or worsens after a temporary remission or improvement. stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment..

The wound healingWound healing is the natural process of repairing tissue damage, occurring in phases including inflammation, tissue regeneration, and wound contraction, to restore tissue integrity. of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is another active area of research. New biomaterials and tissue adhesives are being developed to better close perforations or surgical wounds of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). and promote healing. These could reduce the complication rate after surgical procedures on the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). in the future.

Research into the microbiome of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). is becoming increasingly important. Studies are investigating how changes in microbial colonization after foreign body injuries affect healing and whether probiotic therapies can support recovery.

In the area of preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring., innovative feeding systems and toy designs are being explored to reduce the risk of swallowing foreign bodies. At the same time, educational programs for pet owners are being developed to raise awareness of potential hazards.

Telemedicine and digital image analysis could play a more important role in the early detection of foreign bodies in the future. Algorithms for automated evaluation of X-rays or endoscopyEndoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a light source and a camera at the end) to examine and visualize the inside of the body, often for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. images are being developed to help veterinarians with rapid and accurate diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..

Although these areas of research are promising, early detection and treatment by an experienced veterinarian remains the most important factor for a good

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What objects do dogs and cats swallow most often?
Dogs often swallow pieces of bone, toy parts, stones, balls and socks. In cats, it is mainly threads, cords, wool scraps, blades of grass and small toy parts.
How can I tell if my animal has a foreign body in its esophagus?
Typical signs are increased salivation, repeated gagging without Vomiting, Dysphagie, Refusal to eat, Restlessness and expressions of Pain. In cats, a thread may sometimes be visible under the tongue.
What should I do if I suspect that my animal has swallowed a foreign body?
Seek veterinary attention immediately. Do not try to remove the foreign body yourself or make the animal vomit, as this can lead to further injuries.
How are foreign bodies removed from the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).?
The preferred method is endoscopic removal under general anesthesia. In more complicated cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.
How long does recovery take after removal of a foreign body?
In uncomplicated cases, the recovery time is approximately 7–14 days. In the case of injuries to the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., healing can take several weeks. In severe cases with complications, recovery can take months.
What long-term complications can occur after a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).?
The most common long-term complication is the formation of stricturesStrictures are pathological narrowings of tubes or ducts in the body that impede the normal flow of fluids or other substances. In dogs and cats, strictures can occur in the urethra, esophagus, or bile ducts and require medical treatment. (narrowing) of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis)., which can lead to chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. Dysphagie and regurgitationRegurgitation is the reflux of food or liquid from the stomach into the mouth without Vomiting or strong abdominal muscle contractions. It may be a sign of diseases of the esophagus or other gastrointestinal problems.. Chronic Inflammatory conditions or motility disorders are less common.
Are there breeds that are particularly susceptible to foreign bodies in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).?
Yes, dog breeds with greedy eating behavior such as Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and Beagles have an increased risk. There is no clear breed predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. in cats.
How can I prevent my animal from swallowing foreign bodies?
Keep small objects out of reach, only use suitable toys of appropriate size, supervise your animal while playing and eating, and use special anti-gulp bowls for greedy eaters.
Can a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). migrate further on its own?
In rare cases, small, smooth foreign bodies can slide into the stomach on their own. However, this is unpredictable and should not be waited for, as any delay increases the risk of complications.
How high are the treatment costs for a foreign body in the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).?
The costs vary depending on the diagnostics and treatment required. Endoscopic removal is usually less expensive than surgical intervention. The total costs can range from a few hundred to several thousand euros, depending on the complexity of the case and possible complications.

Literature

Binvel, M., Poujol, L., Peyron, C., Dunie-Merigot, A., & Bernardin, F. (2022). Risk factors for endoscopic removal failure and complications in dogs and cats with oesophageal foreign bodies: A retrospective study of 225 cases. Veterinary Record, 190(6), e1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.1297
Deroy, C., Corcuff, J. B., Billen, F., & Hamaide, A. (2021). Removal of oesophageal foreign bodies: A retrospective study of 248 cases in dogs and cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 62(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13232
Juvet, F., Pinilla, M., Shiel, R. E., & Mooney, C. T. (2019). Oesophageal foreign bodies in dogs: Factors affecting success of endoscopic retrieval. Irish Veterinary Journal, 72, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-019-0149-3
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