Bleeding on and around the eyeball
Examination of the eye of a cat with an ophthalmoscopeBleeding in and around the eye
Bleeding on or in the eye includes Bleeding into the conjunctiva, anterior chamber (hyphema), vitreous bodyThe vitreous body is a gel-like substance that fills most of the eyeball behind the lens, giving it shape and structure. It consists mainly of water, collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid., or into the surrounding tissues. Causes are often traumaA trauma refers to a physical injury or damage caused by external force. Traumas can range from simple cuts to severe multiple injuries., high blood pressure, coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders, or Inflammatory conditions. Any Bleeding in the eye requires clarification, as vision loss may occur.
A bloody eye in pets refers to various forms of Bleeding that can occur on or around the eye. These Bleeding can affect different structures of the eye and vary in their severity and clinical significance. The anatomical features of the eye in dogs and cats play an important role in understanding these diseases.
The eye of our pets consists of various structures that can be affected by Bleeding: the conjunctiva, the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure., the vitreous bodyThe vitreous body is a gel-like substance that fills most of the eyeball behind the lens, giving it shape and structure. It consists mainly of water, collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid., the retinaThe retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that captures visual information and transmits it to the brain via the optic nerve. Retinal diseases can lead to vision loss in dogs and cats., and the structures around the eye, including the eyelids and the orbit (orbital cavityThe orbital cavity is a bony structure in the skull that surrounds the eye and its adnexa. It protects the eye and provides attachment points for the eye muscles.). Depending on the affected structure, we distinguish between different types of eye Bleeding, which have different causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
In dogs and cats, there are anatomical differences in the structure of the eye that can influence the occurrence and course of eye Bleeding. Cats have the tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer behind the retinaThe retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that captures visual information and transmits it to the brain via the optic nerve. Retinal diseases can lead to vision loss in dogs and cats., which can be affected differently by Bleeding than in dogs. In addition, brachycephalic (short-headed) dog and cat breeds such as pugs, French bulldogs, or Persian cats have an increased risk of certain eye problems due to their skull structure, as their eyes often protrude more (Bulging eyeballs (exophthalmos)) and are therefore more susceptible to injury.
Causes
The causes of eye bleeding in pets are varied and can be divided into traumatic causes, systemic diseases, and primaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. eye diseases.
Traumatic causes are particularly common and include blunt traumas from collisions, falls, or blows, which can lead to bleeding under the conjunctiva (subconjunctival bleeding) or in the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. (hyphema). Foreign body in the eye, Scratching injuries from other animals or plant parts, and bite injuries can also cause bleeding. In cats, Scratching injuries from conspecifics are a common cause of eye bleeding.
Bleeding under the conjunctiva of the eye, even if it affects the entire eyeball, is painless and does not require treatment. They do not impair vision. They are also caused by injuries to small blood vessels in the conjunctiva.
On the other hand, there may be a serious injury, especially if there has been Bleeding inside the eye at the same time.
A Bone fractureA fracture is a break in a bone caused by physical force, such as a fall, blow, or accident. Fractures can range from simple breaks that do not require operative treatment to complex fractures that require surgical stabilization. near the eye or even a skull fractureA fracture is a break in a bone caused by physical force, such as a fall, blow, or accident. Fractures can range from simple breaks that do not require operative treatment to complex fractures that require surgical stabilization. can also lead to severe bleeding under the skin in the eye region. In the event of a skull fractureA fracture is a break in a bone caused by physical force, such as a fall, blow, or accident. Fractures can range from simple breaks that do not require operative treatment to complex fractures that require surgical stabilization., both eye regions may be affected at the same time. This creates a “glasses formation” around the eyes (monocle Bleeding or raccoon eyes). Then blood often comes out of the nose at the same time.
Bleeding inside the bony orbital cavityThe orbital cavity is a bony structure in the skull that surrounds the eye and its adnexa. It protects the eye and provides attachment points for the eye muscles. behind the eyeball can lead to severe Swelling, so that the eyeball is pushed forward and the eyelids may not be able to close.
In systemic diseases, high blood pressure is particularly important, which is common in older cats with kidney disease and can lead to retinal Bleeding. Blood coagulationBlood coagulation is a process that helps stop Bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. Platelets and certain proteins in the plasma form a blood clot that seals the wound. disorders, whether due to genetic factors such as von Willebrand disease in dogs or acquired through poisoning (e.g. with rat poison), can also promote eye Bleeding. InfectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. diseases such as leptospirosis in dogs or felineFeline refers to anything related to cats. The term is used to describe diseases, behaviors, or anatomical aspects that are specific to cats. leukemia virusA virus is a microscopic infectious particle that cannot reproduce on its own and must infect a host cell to produce new virus particles. Viruses can cause a variety of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. (FeLV) in cats can be associated with eye Bleeding. Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells or tissues as if they were foreign substances. Examples in dogs and cats include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus. such as systemic lupus erythematosus can lead to Inflammatory conditions of the vessels (vasculitisVasculitis is the inflammation of blood vessels, leading to changes in the vessel walls, including thickening, weakening, narrowing, and sometimes the formation of aneurysms or blood clots.), which can result in Bleeding.
PrimaryPrimary refers to the first or original cause of a disease or condition, as opposed to secondary causes or symptoms that develop from it. eye diseases such as glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure) can lead to vascular ruptureA rupture is a tear or break in an organ or tissue. It can be caused by trauma, illness, or overextension, and often requires medical intervention. and Bleeding due to the increased pressure. Uveitis (Inflammatory conditions of the middle layer of the eye) can be associated with Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure.. Retinal detachments are often associated with Bleeding, and tumors in or on the eye can lead to Bleeding due to their abnormal vascular formation or tissue destructionDestruction means "demolition." In medicine, it refers to the destruction of cells, tissues, organs, or body parts. The growth of malignant Tumors is also usually accompanied by destruction of the surrounding tissue..
The causes differ somewhat between dogs and cats. In cats, hypertensive retinopathies due to high blood pressure are particularly common, while in dogs, traumatic causes and coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders are the main focus.
Symptoms
Bleeding on/around the eye
Typical Symptoms:
- Red Bleeding in the conjunctiva/sclera, hematoma on the eyelid
- “Red eye”, possibly Pain/sensitivity to light
- Possible after trauma, Scratching, coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorder
Alarm signs:
- Blood in the eye (hyphema), sudden Visual disturbances
- Severe Pain, corneal opacity, pupillary changes
- Suspected proptosis or deep eyelid injury
- Bleeding + further hematomas/petechiae on the body
Escalation/course:
- Increasing cloudiness/Pain within hours → Ulcus/uveitis/glaucoma possible
- Hyphema: Risk of secondary glaucoma in hours–days → urgent
PersistentPersistent means lasting or continuing for an extended period. In veterinary medicine, it can refer to chronic diseases or symptoms that do not subside. Bleeding > 24 h → clarification of coagulation/hypertension
The symptoms of a bloody eye vary depending on the type, location, and severity of the Bleeding. Accurate observation of these symptoms is important for pet owners to assess the urgency of a visit to the vet.
In the case of subconjunctival Bleeding, the conjunctiva appears bright red to dark red, whereby the Bleeding can be flat or punctiform. These Bleeding are usually painless and do not impair vision. The animal usually does not show any Behavioral changes, and the Bleeding can affect the entire visible part of the eyeball or only part of it.
A hyphema, i.e. blood in the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure., appears as a reddish discoloration behind the cornea, which, depending on the severity, can partially or completely cover the iris. Affected animals often show signs of Pain such as increased blinking, watery eyes, or sensitivity to light. Vision may be impaired, which can be manifested by more cautious movements or bumping into objects.
Bleeding in the vitreous bodyThe vitreous body is a gel-like substance that fills most of the eyeball behind the lens, giving it shape and structure. It consists mainly of water, collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid. or in the retinaThe retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that captures visual information and transmits it to the brain via the optic nerve. Retinal diseases can lead to vision loss in dogs and cats. is often not directly visible from the outside, but can lead to sudden Visual disturbances. Affected animals may appear disoriented, run into objects, or have Difficulty jumping. In the case of extensive retinal Bleeding, there may be pupillary dilationDilation refers to the widening or expansion of a hollow organ or vessel. It can be physiological (normal) or pathological (due to disease). that does not respond to light.
Bleeding in the orbital cavityThe orbital cavity is a bony structure in the skull that surrounds the eye and its adnexa. It protects the eye and provides attachment points for the eye muscles. (orbital Bleeding) leads to Bulging eyeballs (exophthalmos) and can be accompanied by Swelling of the surrounding tissues. The eyelids may be swollen and may no longer be able to close completely. These Bleeding are often painful and can lead to Fever and general malaise.
In the case of traumatic injuries, additional symptoms such as bruises or hematomas around the eye (“blue eye”), Swelling of the eyelids, or injuries to the cornea may occur. In the case of severe traumas, a “glasses formation” can occur around both eyes (monocle Bleeding or raccoon eyes), especially if there is a skull fractureA fracture is a break in a bone caused by physical force, such as a fall, blow, or accident. Fractures can range from simple breaks that do not require operative treatment to complex fractures that require surgical stabilization.. In such cases, blood often comes out of the nose as well.
First Aid
- Cooling with cold compresses helps to stop the Bleeding under the skin and reduce Swelling.
- Cooling should begin as soon as possible after the injury. Under no circumstances should pressure be exerted on the eyeballs themselves.
- Repeated cooling is useful for the next 24 hours.
- After two days, a local application of heat (compresses) helps to reduce the bruise.
Diagnosis
The of eye requires a thorough examination and, if necessary, further diagnostic procedures to determine the cause and extent of the.
The clinical examination begins with a general assessment of the animal, followed by a targeted examination of the eye and its surroundings. The veterinarian looks for signs of , , or asymmetries between the two eyes. With a , the anterior segments of the eye can be examined in detail to assess subconjunctival or hyphema.
(examination with an ophthalmoscope) enables the assessment of the fundus of the eye and can reveal retinal , retinal detachments, or changes in the blood vessels. In cats suspected of having high blood pressure, this examination is particularly important because hypertensive retinopathies often lead to retinal.
(measurement of intraocular pressure) is important to rule out or confirm glaucoma as a cause or consequence of the. Elevated intraocular pressure can be both a cause and a consequence of eye and requires immediate treatment.
Imaging techniques such as of the eye are particularly valuable when the transparency of the ocular media is limited by and a direct assessment of the fundus is not possible. If orbital or skull fractures are suspected, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs. may be necessary.
Laboratory tests include a complete blood count, coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. parameters, and biochemical profiles to identify systemic causes such as blood clotting disorders, infections, or organ diseases. In cats suspected of having high blood pressure, blood pressure measurement is essential, ideally in a quiet environment to minimize stress-related distortions.
The must differentiate between different types of eye and identify their causes in order to enable targeted treatment.
Further veterinary measures
The treatment of eye Bleeding depends on the cause, the extent of the Bleeding and the affected structures of the eye. It includes both first aid measures and specific veterinary treatments.
As a first aid measure for traumatically induced eye Bleeding, cooling with cold compresses is helpful to stop the Bleeding and reduce Swelling. This should begin as soon as possible after the injury, and pressure must never be exerted on the eyeball itself. Cooling can be repeated at regular intervals for the first 24 hours. After about two days, a local application of heat can promote the reduction of the bruise.
In the case of subconjunctival Bleeding that has no further complications, no specific treatment is often necessary, as it is usually absorbed on its own within 1–2 weeks. However, the veterinarian may prescribe artificial tears to moisten the eye and protect it from irritation.
A hyphema requires more intensive treatment. Drug therapies include anti-inflammatory drugAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications or substances that help reduce or prevent inflammatory responses in the body. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., corticosteroids). eye drops (corticosteroidsCorticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that occur naturally in the body and can also be produced synthetically. They have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and are used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of conditions. or non-steroidalNon-steroidal refers to medications or substances that are not steroids and often have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic effects. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Pain and Inflammatory conditions. anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain.) to reduce Inflammatory conditions, as well as pupil-dilating agents (mydriatics) to prevent adhesions between the irisThe iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It consists of muscle tissue and adjusts the size of the pupil through its contraction or relaxation to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. and lens. If intraocular pressure is increased, blood pressure-lowering drugs are used.
In the case of severe Bleeding, especially if it is associated with a traumaA trauma refers to a physical injury or damage caused by external force. Traumas can range from simple cuts to severe multiple injuries. or glaucoma, inpatient treatment with intravenous medication may be necessary. In some cases, a surgical intervention may be necessary to remove blood from the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. (paracentesis) or to repair other structures.
The treatment of underlying systemic diseases is crucial for long-term success. In cats with high blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs such as calciumCalcium is a mineral that is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in blood coagulation, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. channel blockers (e.g. amlodipine) or ACE inhibitorACE inhibitors are medications that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby lowering blood pressure. They also have a protective effect on the kidneys. They are used in dogs and cats to treat heart disease, high blood pressure, and certain kidney diseases. are used. In the case of coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders, substitution therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. with coagulation factorsCoagulation factors are proteins in the blood that are essential for blood coagulation. They work together to stop Bleeding by forming a blood clot. Disorders or deficiencies in coagulation factors can lead to bleeding problems in dogs and cats. or vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. K may be necessary.
In the case of severe eye injuries with extensive Bleeding that has led to irreversible damage, removal of the eye (enucleationEnucleation is the surgical procedure to remove an eyeball. This may be necessary in cases of severe eye disease, injury, or Tumors to relieve Pain and protect the animal's health.) may be the best option in some cases to save the animal Pain and prevent the spread of infections.
Prognosis and aftercare
The Prognose for eye Bleeding depends largely on the cause, the extent of the Bleeding, the affected structures, and the speed of treatment. Careful aftercare is crucial for long-term treatment success.
The Prognose for superficial subconjunctival Bleeding is usually excellent. These Bleeding usually resolve completely within 1–2 weeks without leaving any permanent damage. Regular monitoring by the veterinarian is nevertheless important to ensure that no underlying problems have been overlooked.
The Prognose for a hyphema should be more cautious. Smaller Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. can completely regress if treated early and appropriately. In the case of massive Bleeding or if the blood remains in the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. for a long period of time, there is a risk of complications such as glaucoma, synechiaeSynechiae are adhesions between two tissue or organ surfaces that are normally separate. They can occur as a result of inflammatory conditions, injuries, or surgical procedures. (adhesions of the irisThe iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It consists of muscle tissue and adjusts the size of the pupil through its contraction or relaxation to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.), or corneal damage, which can permanently impair vision.
Retinal Bleeding has a variable Prognose. Small, punctiform Bleeding can heal without leaving any permanent damage, while extensive Bleeding can lead to Scar tissue formation and permanent Visual disturbances. In cats with hypertensive retinopathy, vision can be partially restored if high blood pressure is quickly controlled.
Aftercare includes regular check-ups with the veterinarian to monitor the healing process and identify possible complications early on. Depending on the cause of the Bleeding, these check-ups can take place at short intervals (initially daily or weekly) or over longer periods of time (monthly or quarterly).
Home monitoring by the pet owner is an important part of aftercare. Pet owners should watch out for signs of deterioration, such as increasing redness, Swelling, discharge, Pain, or Behavioral changes that could indicate Visual disturbances. Photo documentation of the healing process can be helpful in objectively assessing changes.
In the case of underlying systemic diseases such as high blood pressure or coagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. disorders, long-term treatment and monitoring are necessary to avoid relapses. Regular blood pressure measurements, blood tests, and adjustments to medication may be necessary.
Summary
Eye Bleeding in dogs and cats can affect various structures of the eye and have different causes, from traumatic injuries to systemic diseases. The clinical presentation varies depending on the type and location of the Bleeding, from painless subconjunctival Bleeding to painful orbital Bleeding with Bulging eyeballs (exophthalmos).
The diagnosis requires a thorough ophthalmological examination and, if necessary, further diagnostic procedures such as imaging and laboratory tests. The treatment depends on the cause and severity of the Bleeding and can range from simple first aid measures to complex surgical procedures.
The Prognose depends on various factors, including the affected structures, the extent of the Bleeding, and the speed of treatment. Careful aftercare is crucial for long-term treatment success and may include regular check-ups and long-term medication.
Pet owners play an important role in the early detection of eye and follow-up care. They should watch for signs of eye problems and seek veterinary attention immediately if they suspect eye. Preventive measures such as controlling risk factors and regular veterinary check-ups can help reduce the risk of eye.
Outlook on current research
Research in veterinary is continuously advancing, leading to improved and treatment options for eye in pets.
New imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) enable high-resolution imaging of the and other eye structures, improving the and monitoring of retinal. This non-invasive technique is increasingly used in specialized veterinary facilities and allows for a more precise assessment of damage and healing processes.
In the field of drug development, new active ingredients are being researched that can be used more specifically and with fewer side effects in eye diseases. Antifibrinolytic substances such as tranexamic acid are already being used successfully in human medicine for eye and are increasingly being used in veterinary medicine.
Minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. surgical techniques such as (removal of the vitreous bodyThe vitreous body is a gel-like substance that fills most of the eyeball behind the lens, giving it shape and structure. It consists mainly of water, collagen fibers, and hyaluronic acid.) with small instruments are being further developed and can be used for severe vitreous to remove the blood and restore vision. These techniques require specialized training and equipment but are becoming increasingly available in veterinary centers.
Research into genetic factors that lead to blood clotting disorders and an increased could lead to more targeted and treatment strategies for certain breeds in the future. Genetic tests could help identify at-risk animals early and take preventive measures.
Regenerative therapies such as the use of growth factors or stem cells are being researched to promote the healing of eye injuries and reduce. These approaches are still in experimental stages but could offer new treatment options in the future.
The development of improved blood pressure monitors and protocols for pets could improve the early detection and monitoring of high blood pressure in cats, thereby contributing to the of hypertensive retinopathies.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- Is subconjunctival Bleeding dangerous in dogs?
Subconjunctival Bleeding is usually not dangerous and heals within 1–2 weeks without treatment. However, they should be examined by a veterinarian to rule out more serious causes. - Can a bloody eye in my cat be a sign of high blood pressure?
Yes, especially in older cats, high blood pressure is a common cause of retinal Bleeding. These can cause sudden Visual disturbances and require rapid treatment to avoid permanent damage. - How can I tell if my dog’s eye Bleeding is an emergency?
Signs of an emergency include severe Pain, sudden Visual disturbances, severe Swelling, blood inside the eye, or simultaneous Bleeding from the nose or mouth. In these cases, you should see a vet immediately. - Can eye Bleeding in my pet heal on its own?
Superficial subconjunctival Bleeding often heals on its own. However, Bleeding inside the eye or in the orbital cavityThe orbital cavity is a bony structure in the skull that surrounds the eye and its adnexa. It protects the eye and provides attachment points for the eye muscles. usually requires veterinary treatment to avoid complications. - Which dog breeds have an increased risk of eye Bleeding?
Brachycephalic breeds such as pugs, French bulldogs, or Pekingese have an increased risk of injury due to their protruding eyes. Breeds with known coagulation disorders such as Dobermans or German Wirehaired Pointers may also be more susceptible. - Can medications cause eye Bleeding in my pet?
Yes, certain medications such as blood thinners (e.g. aspirin) or non-steroidalNon-steroidal refers to medications or substances that are not steroids and often have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic effects. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Pain and Inflammatory conditions. anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. can increase the risk of Bleeding. Always tell your vet about all the medications your animal is receiving. - How can I prevent eye Bleeding in my pet?
Preventive measures include avoiding fights and dangerous play situations, regular veterinary check-ups, controlling high blood pressure in predisposed animals, and designing the environment safely to avoid injuries. - Is surgery always necessary for eye Bleeding?
No, many eye Bleeding can be treated conservatively with medication. Surgical interventions are only necessary in severe cases, such as massive Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eyeThe anterior chamber of the eye is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye. It plays an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. or severe injuries. - Can eye Bleeding lead to blindness?
The risk of blindness depends on the type and extent of the Bleeding. While subconjunctival Bleeding rarely leads to vision loss, untreated retinal Bleeding or severe vitreous Bleeding can cause permanent Visual disturbances. - How long does it take for eye Bleeding to heal in cats and dogs?
The healing time varies depending on the type of Bleeding. Subconjunctival Bleeding typically heals within 1–2 weeks, while Bleeding inside the eye can take several weeks to months to fully resolve.
Literature
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- Suter, P.F., Niemand, H. G. u. Arnold-Gloor, S.: Practical course in canine medicine. Georg Thieme Verlag 2006.
- Burk, A. u. R. Burk: Checklist Ophthalmology (E-Book EPUB), 6th completely revised and expanded edition 2018 632 pages, 343 illustrations, ePub ISBN: 9783132420588
- Gould D, McLellan GJ. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2019.
- Maggio F, Parry N. Feline hypertensive retinopathy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2020;22(8):713-722.
- Ledbetter EC, Gilger BC. Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Cornea and Sclera. In: Gelatt KN, editor. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 6th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021. p. 1082-1164.
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