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Volvulus (Intestinal Torsion) in Dogs

Synonyms: Intestinal Torsion

Occurrence: common
Location of disease: Abdomen/pelvis

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 17.02.2026

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Emergency see a veterinarian immediately

You can find an interesting overview of gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. problems in dogs, supplemented with information on the intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. microbiome and the importance of probiotics, here: https://petsvetcheck.de/fachbeitrag/magen-darm-probleme-beim-hund/

Definition

A volvulus, also known as a twisted bowel, is a serious condition in dogs where parts of the intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. twist around themselves, leading to a dangerous blockage. This blockage can cut off the blood supply and lead to an emergency that requires rapid treatment.

The most important facts at a glance

Volvulus, also known as twisted bowel, often occurs in connection with gastric torsion, where a dog’s stomach twists and bloats. This condition frequently affects large, deep-chested breeds like Great Danes and Boxers. The exact cause is not fully understood, but anatomical, genetic, and environmental factors play a role. Excessive gas accumulation in the stomach, caused by gas-producing bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease. or swallowed air, can promote the rotation. Symptoms include abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, flatulence, and a disturbed general condition. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made through clinical examination and imaging procedures such as X-rays, which can show a characteristic “double gas bubble.”

Treatment usually requires immediate surgical intervention to rotate the stomach back to its normal position and remove damaged tissue. A gastropexy can be performed to prevent future rotations. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends heavily on the speed of diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment; rapid intervention significantly improves survival chances. Preventive measures include smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding intense activities after feeding. Research focuses on genetic predispositions, dietary habits, and stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. as potential risk factors to develop better preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies. Innovative imaging techniques and surgical procedures are also being investigated to improve diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment.

Causes

Furthermore, the importance of food composition and feeding height is being investigated to develop sound recommendations for dog owners. This is particularly common in large and deep-chested dog breeds such as Great Danes, German Shepherds, and Boxers. The exact mechanism of why the stomach or intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. twists is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of anatomical, genetic, and environmental factors plays a role.

Anatomically, large, deep-chested dogs have more space in the abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. area, which allows the stomach to rotate more easily. Genetically, certain lines of dogs might be more susceptible to this condition, although specific genetic markers have not yet been identified. Environmental factors, such as eating large meals followed by intense physical activity, can also increase the risk. Feeding from elevated bowls and stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. have also been considered as potential risk factors.

The exact cause for the development of a volvulus can vary, but it is believed that excessive gas accumulation in the stomach, caused by gas-producing bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease. or swallowing air, plays a crucial role. This gas accumulation can cause the stomach to expand, increasing the likelihood of a rotation.

Symptoms

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

Symptoms of a volvulus in dogs can appear suddenly and worsen quickly. One of the first signs is usually a bloated abdomen. This can be accompanied by restlessness, excessive drooling, and unsuccessful attempts to vomit. The dog may also show signs of pain, such as whimpering or whining when the belly is touched.

Additionally, affected dogs may show respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress, a rapid heart rate, and weakness, which can quickly develop into a state of shock. If the blood supply to the stomach or intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. is cut off, it can lead to necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems. (tissue death), making the situation life-threatening. In severe cases, the dog can die within a few hours if no immediate medical treatment is provided.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of a volvulus is usually made through a combination of clinical examination and imaging procedures. During the physical examination, the veterinarian may notice a bloated abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. and signs of pain. AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. X-rays are often the next step to confirm the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. On the X-rays, the vet can see a “double gas bubble,” which is typical for gastric torsion.

Additionally, ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examinations can be performed to more accurately assess the position and condition of the stomach and intestines. Blood tests are often necessary to evaluate the dog’s general health and to check for signs of sepsisSepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's overwhelming response to an infection, which can lead to damage to its own tissues and organ failure. or shock. These tests help to assess the severity of the condition and determine the need for immediate surgical intervention.

Therapy

Treating a volvulus usually requires immediate surgical intervention. Before surgery, the dog’s condition is stabilized, which includes administering intravenous fluids to support circulation as well as pain therapy. The dog is also decompressed with a stomach tube to drain gas and fluids from the stomach.

During the operation, the veterinarian rotates the stomach back into its normal position and examines the tissue for signs of damage or tissue death. If parts of the stomach or intestineThe intestine is the medical term for the gut, including the small intestine (intestinum tenue) and the large intestine (intestinum crassum). It plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. are necrotic, they may need to be removed to ensure the dog’s survival. A gastropexy, where the stomach is surgically attached to the abdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. wall, is often performed to prevent future twisting.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with a volvulus depends heavily on how quickly the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made and treatment is initiated. Dogs that are treated quickly have a significantly better chance of survival. However, if significant necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems. of the tissue has occurred or the dog has suffered a severe state of shock, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. may be poorer.

In the long term, dogs that recover from surgery have a good chance of leading a normal life, especially if preventive measures are taken to reduce the risk of a recurrence. A gastropexy significantly reduces the risk of a repeat incident.

Prevention

There are several measures dog owners can take to minimize the risk of a volvulus. This includes feeding smaller, more frequent meals instead of one or two large meals a day. Avoiding intense physical activity directly after feeding is also important.

Feeding at ground level instead of from an elevated bowl can also reduce the risk. It is also recommended to consider the type of food and avoid quickly digestible, easily fermentable carbohydrates, as these can contribute to gas formation in the stomach.

For dogs that have a genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. or have already suffered gastric torsion, a prophylactic gastropexy can be considered to minimize the risk of future incidents. Regular veterinary examinations and careful observation of the dog’s behavior are also crucial for monitoring the animal’s health status.

Outlook on current research

Research into twisted bowel (volvulus) in dogs has made significant progress in recent years, as the condition plays an important role in veterinary research due to its severity and potential life-threatening nature. Scientists are focusing on identifying genetic predispositions, as certain breeds like Great Danes, Weimaraners, and Irish Setters are more frequently affected. Through genomic analysis, researchers are trying to identify genetic markers associated with an increased risk for this condition.

In addition, research is examining the role of diet and feeding behavior in the development of the disease. There is evidence that large meals rich in fermentable carbohydrates can increase the risk of gastric torsion. Some studies focus on how smaller, more frequent meals could reduce the risk. Furthermore, the importance of food composition and feeding height is examined to develop well-founded recommendations for dog owners.

Another significant area of research is the improvement of surgical techniques for treating the condition. New minimally invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery. procedures and improved surgical techniques are being tested to increase survival rates and shorten recovery time. PostoperativePostoperative refers to the time after a surgical operation. This phase includes recovery and the management of possible complications after the procedure. care protocols are also constantly being refined to minimize complications and promote recovery.

The role of stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. and other environmental factors is also being intensively researched, as stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. is seen as a potential triggerA trigger is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction or state. In veterinary medicine, this can refer to emotional responses, such as fear or aggression, or medical conditions, such as seizures in dogs and cats. for the condition. Behavioral scientists are working to understand the link between stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being., anxiety, and volvulus to develop preventive measures. Some studies are examining the use of stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. management techniques and their effects on the risk of the disease.

Innovations in imaging technology, such as the use of high-resolution ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. devices and magnetic resonance imaging, allow for more precise diagnoses and better monitoring of at-risk dogs. These advances help to increase the chances of timely and successful treatment.

Long-term epidemiological studies are being conducted to better understand the frequency and risk factors of the disease. These studies help evaluate the effectiveness of preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies and develop health policy recommendations aimed at reducing the incidenceIncidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur within a specific time period in a specific population group. It provides information about the risk of contracting the disease. of twisted bowels.

Finally, research is also examining the role of the microbiota in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract of dogs. It is suspected that changes in the intestinalIntestinal refers to the intestine, the part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. Intestinal diseases affect the small and/or large intestine. flora could influence the risk of gastric torsion. By analyzing the microbial composition, scientists are trying to develop new approaches for the preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. and treatment of the disease.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is a volvulus in dogs?

A volvulus, also known as gastric torsion, is a life-threatening condition where the dog's stomach twists and blocks blood flow. This can lead to a rapid deterioration of the health situation and requires immediate emergency veterinary treatment. -

What symptoms indicate a volvulus?

Symptoms include a bloated abdomen, restlessness, excessive salivation, unsuccessful vomiting, weakness, and a rapid heartbeat. If you notice any of these symptoms, you should see a veterinarian immediately. -

Which dogs are most often affected by volvulus?

Large and deep-chested breeds such as Great Danes, Weimaraners, Irish Setters, and Dobermans are most commonly affected. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the disease. -

How is a volvulus diagnosed?

A veterinarian will perform a physical examination and take X-rays to confirm the diagnosis. The images typically show a greatly enlarged, gas-filled stomach. -

How is a volvulus treated?

Treatment requires emergency surgery to correct the gastric torsion. In many cases, the stomach is also surgically attached to the abdominal wall to prevent it from twisting again. Intensive postoperative care is necessary. -

Can a volvulus be prevented?

While complete prevention is not possible, certain measures can reduce the risk. These include feeding several small meals per day, avoiding intense activity after eating, and choosing the right feeding height. -

What is the survival rate after a volvulus surgery?

The survival rate after surgery is about 75-85%, depending on the severity of the condition and the speed of treatment. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a positive outcome. -

Are there long-term consequences after a volvulus?

Some dogs may experience digestive problems or an increased susceptibility to repeat episodes after treatment. Regular veterinary check-ups and an adapted diet help to reduce the risk of long-term complications. -

How can I best help my dog after a volvulus?

Monitoring at home after surgery is important. Watch for signs of discomfort, feed easily digestible food in small portions, and avoid stress or physical exertion for a few weeks. -

Should I see my veterinarian regularly if my dog is at risk?

Yes, regular veterinary examinations are important to monitor your dog's health and detect potential problems early. This is especially important for dogs at high risk for volvulus.

Literature

Hidayah, A., Permatasari, S. N. I., Pandia, Y. M., Bhaskara, A. F. P., & Batan, I. W. (2022). Intestinal volvulus in dogs: a literature review.
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Golshahi H, Tavasoly A, Namjoo A, Bahmani M. Occurrence of small intestinal volvulus in a terrier puppy-a case report. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014 Feb;4(1):54–6. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60314-5. PMCID: PMC4027347.