Ulcus Ventriculi, Ulcus Duodeni (Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers) in Dogs

  • Occurrence: common
  • Location of illness: Abdomen/pelvis
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A Ulcus ventriculi or Ulcus duodeni in dogs is a localized defect or erosion in the gastric mucosa or duodenal mucosa, caused by an imbalance between mucosa-protecting factors and damaging influences.

The most important facts at a glance

Ulcus ventriculi and Ulcus duodeni, i.e. gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs, occur when the protective mucous layer of the gastric mucosa is disrupted, making the mucosa susceptible to aggressive gastric acid. Common causes include the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which impair mucosal integrity. Stress, chronic diseases such as kidney failure and infections with bacteria such as Helicobacter can also cause ulcers. Symptoms include bloody Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weight loss, and loss of appetite.

Diagnosis is made through anamnesis, clinical examination and possibly endoscopy to directly visualize the ulcers. The treatment aims to eliminate the cause and alleviate the symptoms, such as discontinuing NSAIDs and using proton pump inhibitors. Intravenous fluid therapy and a special diet may also be necessary. The prognosis is generally good if the cause is treated, but intensive care may be necessary in the event of severe complications. To prevent this, uncontrolled use of NSAIDs should be avoided, and regular veterinary examinations are important.

Research focuses on understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing new diagnostic and treatment methods. A particular focus is on the role of stress, nutrition and the microbiome. Innovative approaches such as personalized therapies based on genetic and microbial profiles could further improve treatment in the future and prevent relapses.

Causes

The gastric mucosa and duodenal mucosa are covered with a protective mucus layer that protects them from aggressive gastric acid and digestive enzymes. This mucus layer is supported by bicarbonate secretion, which neutralizes the acidity. A disruption of this protective mechanism can lead to the formation of ulcers.

One of the most common causes of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs inhibit the production of prostaglandins, which play an important role in maintaining mucosal integrity.

Other causes may include stress, chronic diseases such as kidney failure, liver disease, and tumors that make the gastric mucosa more susceptible to damage. Infections with bacteria such as Helicobacter are other possible causes, although their role in dogs is less clear than in humans.

Symptoms

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs can vary but are often non-specific. Common signs include Vomiting, which may contain blood, and dark, tarry stools, which indicate GI tract bleeding.

Loss of appetite, Weight loss, and lethargy are also common symptoms. Some dogs show signs of Abdominal pain, such as drawing in the abdomen or crying when the abdominal area is touched.

In severe cases, anemia can occur due to chronic Blood loss, which can manifest as pale mucous membranes and weakness.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs begins with a thorough history and clinical examination. The veterinarian will ask about the medication history, especially the use of NSAIDs, and look for signs of blood in the vomit or stool.

Imaging procedures such as X-rays and ultrasound can help rule out other diseases of the digestive tract, but often do not provide direct evidence of ulcers. An endoscopy is the most accurate method to diagnose ulcers, as it allows direct visualization and, if necessary, biopsy of the affected mucosa.

Blood tests can reveal anemia or other comorbidities that may be associated with ulcers.

Therapy

Treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs involves eliminating the underlying causes and alleviating the symptoms. If NSAIDs are the cause, it is crucial to stop taking these medications immediately.

Medications such as proton pump inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole) or H2 receptor antagonists (e.g. ranitidine) can help reduce gastric acid secretion and promote ulcer healing.

In severe cases, intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. A special, easily digestible diet can also help protect the mucous membrane.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with gastric and duodenal ulcers depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In most cases, the prognosis is good if the underlying cause is identified and treated and the ulcers are detected in time.

In the event of complications such as perforation or severe Bleeding, the prognosis is more guarded, and intensive medical care may be required.

Prevention

The prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs focuses on avoiding the underlying causes. In particular, long-term and uncontrolled use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided.

Regular veterinary examination and monitoring of dogs with known risk factors such as chronic diseases can help ensure early detection and treatment of ulcers.

A balanced diet and stress management can also help reduce the risk of ulcer formation.

Outlook on current research

In current research on gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs, also known as Ulcus ventriculi and Ulcus duodeni, there are several promising approaches aimed at improving the causes, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for these diseases. A key focus is on understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead to the formation of ulcers. Researchers are particularly investigating the role of stress, nutrition, and genetic factors that could increase the likelihood of a dog developing ulcers. The importance of the microbiome in the digestive tract is also increasingly being recognized, as there is evidence that an imbalance in intestinal bacteria could contribute to the development of ulcers.

Another significant area of research is the development and improvement of diagnostic methods. Traditionally, gastric and duodenal ulcers are diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, blood tests, and imaging techniques such as ultrasound or endoscopy. Researchers are working to develop less invasive and more accurate diagnostic tools that allow earlier and more precise detection of ulcers. A promising approach is the exploration of biomarkers in blood or urine that could specifically indicate the presence of ulcers.

There is also progress in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs. While classic treatments such as the administration of proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists continue to play an important role, research is increasingly focused on the development of new drugs that specifically target the healing of ulcers. In addition, there are studies on alternative treatment methods, such as the use of probiotics to restore the balance of the intestinal flora, or the use of herbal remedies that have anti-inflammatory and healing-promoting properties.

An exciting development is also the use of personalized therapy approaches based on the individual genetic and microbial profiles of the dogs. By analyzing genetic predispositions and specific patterns in the microbiome, tailor-made treatment plans could be developed in the future that enable more effective and targeted therapy. Such approaches could not only improve the healing rate but also reduce the risk of relapse.

In summary, research on gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs is dynamic and promising. The combination of a better understanding of the causes, improved diagnostic methods and innovative treatment strategies could lead to a significant improvement in the quality of life of affected dogs in the near future. While many of these research approaches are still in the early stages, there is hope that advancing science will ultimately lead to better outcomes for affected dogs and their owners.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

  1. What are the most common symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs? Common symptoms may include Vomiting, loss of appetite, Weight loss, Abdominal pain, dark or bloody stools, and general lethargy. It is important to see a veterinarian if these symptoms occur.

  2. How are gastric and duodenal ulcers diagnosed in dogs? Diagnosis can be made through a combination of clinical symptoms, blood tests, ultrasound, or endoscopy. The veterinarian will choose the best method based on the symptoms and condition of the dog.

  3. Can all dog breeds develop gastric and duodenal ulcers? Yes, in principle all dog breeds can be affected, but some breeds may be more susceptible due to genetic predisposition. Factors such as stress and nutrition also play a role.

  4. What role does stress play in the development of ulcers? Stress can increase the production of gastric acid and thereby damage the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, which can lead to the formation of ulcers. Stress management can be part of prevention.

  5. Are there special diets that can help prevent or treat ulcers? Yes, an easily digestible, balanced diet can help relieve the GI tract and promote healing. Your veterinarian can provide specific dietary suggestions based on your dog’s needs.

  6. Are gastric and duodenal ulcers curable in dogs? Yes, with the right treatment and care, many dogs can fully recover from ulcers. Treatment usually includes medication and dietary adjustments.

  7. How long does it take for gastric and duodenal ulcers to heal in dogs? Healing time can vary, often taking several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the ulcer and the response to treatment. Regular veterinary check-ups are important to monitor the healing progress.

  8. Can gastric and duodenal ulcers recur in dogs? Yes, there is a possibility of relapse, especially if the triggering factors are not addressed. Long-term monitoring and lifestyle adjustments can help prevent relapses.

  9. Are medications the only treatment option for gastric and duodenal ulcers in dogs? In addition to medications, dietary measures, stress management, and in some cases alternative healing methods such as probiotics or herbal remedies can be part of the treatment. It is important to discuss all options with the veterinarian.

  10. Can I take preventive measures to prevent gastric and duodenal ulcers in my dog? Yes, by providing a low-stress environment, providing a balanced diet, and having regular veterinary examinations, you can reduce the risk of ulcers. Also, avoiding medications or foods that could irritate the gastric mucosa can be helpful.

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You can find an interesting overview of gastrointestinal problems in dogs, supplemented with information on the intestinal microbiome and the importance of probiotics, here: https://petsvetcheck.de/fachbeitrag/magen-darm-probleme-beim-hund/