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Spinal Dysraphism (Developmental Disorders of the Spinal Cord) in Dogs

Occurrence: very rare
Location of illness: Back/Tail

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.11.2025

Spinal Dysraphism is a developmental disorder of the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body. in dogs, caused by incomplete fusion or malformation of the neural tube during embryonic development.

The most important facts at a glance

Spinal dysraphism in dogs is a developmental disorder caused by incomplete fusion of the embryonic neural tube, from which the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior. develops. This disorder can affect both the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body. and surrounding structures such as the vertebral bodies. It usually occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy and can have genetic as well as environmental causes. Certain dog breeds are more susceptible due to genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases.. Possible symptoms include Limb weakness, uncoordinated gait, and Pain in the neck area, especially in young dogs. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. requires a combination of clinical examination, imaging techniques such as MRI or CT, and possibly genetic tests. Treatment depends on the severity of the disease, from conservative measures such as Pain relievers and physiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques. to surgical interventions to stabilize the spine. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies: dogs with mild forms can often lead a normal life, while severe cases may have limitations even after surgery. PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. through genetic testing and responsible breeding practices is important to minimize the risk. A balanced diet and a stress-free environment for pregnant bitches can also help reduce the risk of malformations.

Causes

The neural tube is the embryonic structure from which the central nervous systemThe CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information and controls most functions of the body and behavior., including the brain and spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body., develops. Incomplete fusion of this tube can lead to various malformations, which are summarized under the term “spinal dysraphism”. These malformations can affect the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body. itself as well as the surrounding structures, such as the vertebral bodies.

Spinal Dysraphism usually occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, when the basic structures of the nervous system are formed. Genetic factors often play a role, but environmental factors can also contribute to the development. Certain breeds appear to be more susceptible to this disorder, suggesting a genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases..

Scientifically proven causes include genetic mutations that can impair the development of the neural tube. Some studies have shown that certain genes involved in cell division and organ development may be mutated in affected animals. Environmental factors such as malnutrition and toxins during pregnancy can also increase the risk.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

The symptoms of spinal dysraphism in dogs can vary greatly depending on the severity and specific malformation. In mild cases, the disease may be asymptomaticAsymptomatic means that there are no recognizable symptoms of a disease. An animal can have a disease or infection without showing visible signs, which can make diagnosis and treatment more difficult. and go undetected. Severe cases, on the other hand, can lead to significant neurological impairment.

Typical symptoms are Gait disorders, immobilityImmobility refers to a state of limited or absent mobility. In dogs and cats, this can be caused by injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, or neurological disorders., muscle atrophyMuscle atrophy is the loss of muscle mass that can be caused by inactivity, malnutrition, or certain diseases. In dogs and cats, muscle atrophy can occur due to chronic diseases, aging, or after prolonged immobilization., and incontinenceIncontinence refers to the inability to voluntarily control urine or stool, leading to involuntary loss. There are various forms, including urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence, which can be caused by different factors.. Dogs with severe spinal dysraphism may also have ParalysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system. or decreased sensitivity in the affected limbs. In some cases, abnormalities of the spine may be palpable or visible.

In addition to the motor symptoms, dogs may also experience Pain, especially if the malformation leads to compression of the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body.. This Pain can manifest as Sensitivity to touch or sudden pain sounds.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of spinal dysraphism usually requires a combination of clinical examination, imaging procedures, and sometimes genetic tests. A thorough neurological examination can provide clues as to the severity and location of the Lesions in the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body..

Imaging techniques such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs., or computed tomography (CT)Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create cross-sectional images of the body. It enables a detailed view of bones, organs, and other structures and is used for the diagnosis of injuries, diseases, and for planning medical interventions. are crucial to visualize the structure of the spine and spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body.. These techniques can help identify abnormalities of the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body. itself.

In some cases, genetic testing may be indicated, especially in breeds known to have a genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. to this condition. These tests can help identify specific genetic mutations associated with the disease.

Therapy

The treatment of spinal dysraphism depends heavily on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, where symptoms are minor, conservative treatment with analgesics and physiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques. may be sufficient to improve the dog’s quality of life.

In more severe cases, where significant neurological impairment occurs, surgical intervention may be required. The aim of the operation is to reduce compression of the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body. and improve the stability of the affected spinal segments. The success of such procedures depends on the exact nature and location of the malformation.

In addition to surgical treatment, physiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques. can be helpful to maintain muscle function and improve the dog’s mobility. In some cases, the use of orthopedic aids may also be useful.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with spinal dysraphism depends greatly on the severity and specific type of malformation. Dogs with mild forms of the disease can often lead a relatively normal life, especially if they respond well to conservative treatments.

In more severe forms of the disease, especially when associated with significant neurological deficits, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is often more guarded. Even after surgical procedures, some dogs may have permanent limitations or chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. pain.

Early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment can usually improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop., especially if the intervention occurs before irreversible damage to the spinal cordThe spinal cord is a long, narrow bundle of nerve tissue located in the spinal canal of the vertebral column. It is part of the central nervous system and transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body. occurs.

Prevention

Since genetic factors play a significant role in the development of spinal dysraphism, avoiding breeding affected animals or those who are carriers of identified genetic mutations is an important preventive measure. Genetic tests can help identify carriers of mutations.

For breeders, it is important to ensure a balanced diet and a stress-free environment for pregnant bitches in order to minimize the risk of developmental disorders. Avoiding the use of potentially teratogenic substances during pregnancy is also crucial.

Although not all cases of spinal dysraphism are preventable, responsible breeding practices can significantly reduce the risk. Regular veterinary examinations during pregnancy can also help detect abnormalities early and act accordingly.