Congenital Spinal Cord and Vertebral Malformation in Dogs (Spinal Dysraphism)

  • Occurrence: very rare
  • Location of disease: Back/Tail
Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 28.08.2026
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When to visit the vet?

Non-urgent see a veterinarian within 2–3 days

?

If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.

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Definition

Spinal dysraphism is a developmental disorder of the spinal cord in dogs caused by incomplete fusion or malformation of the neural tube during embryonic development.

The most important facts at a glance

Spinal dysraphism in dogs is a developmental disorder caused by incomplete fusion of the embryonic neural tube from which the central nervous system (CNS) forms. This disorder can affect both the spinal cord and surrounding structures such as the vertebrae. It usually occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy and can have both genetic and environmental causes. Certain dog breeds are more susceptible due to genetic predisposition. Possible symptoms include limb weakness, uncoordinated gait, and Neck pain, mainly in young dogs. Diagnosis requires a combination of clinical examination, imaging procedures such as MRI or CT, and possibly genetic testing. Treatment ranges from conservative measures such as pain medication and physiotherapy to surgical interventions to stabilize the spine. The prognosis varies: dogs with mild forms can often lead a normal life, while severe cases may have limitations even after surgery. Prevention through genetic testing and responsible breeding practices is important to minimize risk. A balanced diet and a stress-free environment for pregnant bitches can also help reduce the risk of malformations.

Causes

The neural tube is the embryonic structure from which the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, develops. Incomplete fusion of this tube can lead to various malformations grouped under the term “spinal dysraphism.” These malformations can affect both the spinal cord itself and the surrounding structures, such as the vertebrae.

Spinal dysraphism usually develops during the first trimester of pregnancy, when the basic structures of the nervous system are formed. Genetic factors often play a role, but environmental factors can also contribute to its development. Certain breeds seem more susceptible to this disorder, indicating a genetic predisposition.

Scientifically proven causes include genetic mutations that can impair the development of the neural tube. Some studies have shown that certain genes involved in cell division and organ development may be mutated in affected animals. Environmental factors such as malnutrition and toxins during pregnancy can also increase the risk.

Symptoms

Rare symptoms:

Symptoms of spinal dysraphism in dogs can vary greatly depending on the severity and specific malformation. In mild cases, the condition may be asymptomatic and remain undetected. Severe cases, on the other hand, can lead to significant neurological impairment.

Typical symptoms include gait disorders, inability to move, muscle atrophy, and incontinence. Dogs with severe spinal dysraphism may also exhibit paralysis or reduced sensitivity in the affected limbs. In some cases, anomalies of the spine may be palpable or visible.

In addition to motor symptoms, dogs may also suffer from pain, especially when the malformation compresses the spinal cord. This pain may manifest as sensitivity to touch or sudden vocalizations of pain.

Therapy

Treatment for spinal dysraphism depends heavily on the severity of the condition. In mild cases where symptoms are minimal, conservative treatment with pain relief and physiotherapy may be sufficient to improve the dog’s quality of life.

In more severe cases involving significant neurological impairment, surgical intervention may be necessary. The goal of surgery is to reduce compression of the spinal cord and improve the stability of the affected spinal segments. The success of such procedures depends on the exact nature and location of the malformation.

In addition to surgical treatment, physiotherapy can be helpful in maintaining muscle function and improving the dog’s mobility. In some cases, the use of orthopedic aids may also be useful.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with spinal dysraphism depends heavily on the severity and specific type of malformation. Dogs with mild forms of the condition can often lead relatively normal lives, especially if they respond well to conservative treatments.

For more severe forms of the disease, especially when accompanied by significant neurological deficits, the prognosis is often more guarded. Even after surgical intervention, some dogs may have permanent limitations or chronic pain.

Early diagnosis and treatment can generally improve the prognosis, especially when intervention occurs before irreversible damage to the spinal cord.

Prevention

Since genetic factors play a significant role in the development of spinal dysraphism, avoiding the breeding of affected animals or identified carriers of genetic mutations is an important preventive measure. Genetic testing can help identify carriers of mutations.

For breeders, it is important to ensure a balanced diet and a stress-free environment for pregnant bitches in order to minimize the risk of developmental disorders. Avoiding the use of potentially teratogenic substances during pregnancy is also crucial.

Although not all cases of spinal dysraphism are avoidable, responsible breeding practices can significantly reduce the risk. Regular veterinary check-ups during pregnancy can also help detect anomalies early and allow for appropriate action.

Outlook on current research

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Spinal dysraphism in dogs is a congenital malformation of the spinal cord, vertebral canal / spinal canal, and adjacent structures resulting from abnormal development of the neural tube. Clinically, it may manifest at an early age through ataxia, weakness of the hind limbs, postural abnormalities, sensory deficits, or urinary and fecal elimination disorders. However, the most important point for the research outlook is this: This condition is rare, and the scientific evidence to date is based primarily on case reports and small case series. (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

The current research focus is therefore initially on more precise description and classification of the various forms of dysraphism. MRI plays a central role here because it shows the spinal cord, meninges, tethering, and accompanying soft tissue or vertebral anomalies much better than X-rays. The goal is to distinguish more clearly which changes are only anatomically conspicuous and which are actually neurologically relevant. (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

A second focus is on embryology and genetics. Here, researchers are trying to understand why some dogs are severely affected while others show only mild changes. The question of which patients benefit from surgery is also not yet sufficiently clarified. (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Overall, the outlook is cautious: The greatest advances will likely be achieved initially through better imaging, standardized case documentation, and multicenter data collection before truly reliable treatment recommendations are possible.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is spinal dysraphism?
Spinal dysraphism is a congenital developmental disorder of the spinal cord in which the neural tube does not close completely during embryonic development. This results in malformations such as syringomyelia, meningocele, or spina bifida. In dogs, these anomalies are usually genetically determined.
2. Which breeds are particularly affected?
Classically, spinal dysraphism is described in the Weimaraner with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Other breeds such as Bulldogs, Manx cats (not a dog, but mentioned as a related condition), Pugs, and screw-tailed breeds may also exhibit malformations of the spine and spinal cord.
3. What symptoms do affected puppies show?
Typical is "bunny hopping" of the hind legs, meaning synchronous movement of both hind limbs. Other signs include weakness of the hindquarters, incoordination, abnormal reflexes, scoliosis of the spine, and occasionally incontinence. Symptoms appear as soon as the puppies begin to walk actively.
4. How is the diagnosis made?
The neurological examination and typical gait pattern are indicative. Definitive diagnosis is made by MRI, which visualizes the malformation of the spinal cord. X-ray images show bony anomalies such as spina bifida but are less suitable for assessing the spinal cord.
5. Is there a causal therapy?
Causal therapy is not possible because it is a congenital malformation. Accompanying symptoms such as incontinence, pain, or skin diseases from licking and self-trauma are treated. In rare cases, surgical correction of a meningocele may be useful.
6. What is the prognosis?
The prognosis depends on the severity. Mildly affected dogs can lead a good life with adapted management, while severely affected puppies are often euthanized at a young age. Deterioration over the lifetime is possible but not inevitable.
7. What is the breeding significance of the disease?
In the Weimaraner, the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is confirmed. Affected dogs and carriers should be excluded from breeding. In chondrodystrophic or screw-tailed breeds with frequent vertebral malformations, breeding selection measures are also advisable to reduce prevalence.
8. What concurrent conditions occur?
Vertebral malformations, scoliosis, syringomyelia, hydrocephalus, and anomalies of the skin surface along the spine are common. Some dogs also show urinary and fecal incontinence, which requires intensive care.
9. What can the daily life of an affected dog look like?
With good management, many dogs can lead a contented life. Important measures include non-slip floors, avoiding stairs, assistance with mobility via ramps or dog carts, regular skin care in the pelvic area, and consistent incontinence management if necessary.
10. Can the disease be prevented?
For genetically determined forms, only breeding selection is effective. In some breeds, folic acid supplementation for the bitch before and during pregnancy is discussed to reduce the frequency of neural tube defects, but the evidence in dogs is limited.

Literature

  • Franco, G. G., Siqueira, E. G. M., Souza, J. A. L., Prado, L. O. C., Rahal, S. C., Mamprim, M. J., Minto, B. W., Brandão, C. V. S., & Costa Júnior, J. S. (2021). Closed spinal dysraphism in a 6-month-old mixed breed dog. Veterinární Medicína, 66(5), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.17221/68/2020-VETMED
  • Westworth, D. R., & Sturges, B. K. (2010). Congenital spinal malformations in small animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(5), 951–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.009
  • Safra, N., Bassuk, A. G., Ferguson, P. J., Aguilar, M., Coulson, R. L., Thomas, N., Hitchens, P. L., Dickinson, P. J., Vernau, K. M., Wolf, Z. T., & Bannasch, D. L. (2013). Genome-wide association mapping in dogs enables identification of the homeobox gene, NKX2-8, as a genetic component of neural tube defects in humans. PLOS Genetics, 9(7), e1003646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003646
  • van den Broek, A. H. M., Hazewinkel, H. A. W., & Thijssen, H. O. M. (1991). Spinal dysraphism in the Weimaraner. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 32(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00560.x
  • McGrath, J. T. (1965). Spinal dysraphism in the dog: With comments on syringomyelia. Pathologia Veterinaria, 2(Suppl.), 1–36.
  • Kamp, A. L., Hazewinkel, H. A. W., van den Brom, W. E., Grinwis, G. C. M., & Mandigers, P. J. J. (2026). Case report: Segmental spinal cord hypoplasia in a Labrador retriever. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 13, Article 1778369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2026.1778369