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Hyperparathyroidism (Overactive Parathyroid Glands) in Dogs

Occurrence: rarer
Location of illness: Abdomen/pelvis

Hyperparathyroidism in dogs is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated blood calcium levels.

The most important facts at a glance

Hyperparathyroidism in dogs is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood. This can cause serious health problems. Primary hyperparathyroidism is often caused by a benign adenoma of the parathyroid glands, while secondary hyperparathyroidism can result from chronic kidney disease or nutritional imbalances. Symptoms include Lethargy, increased thirst and Urinary urgency, Weight loss, and Nausea. Diagnosis is made through clinical examinations, blood tests to check calcium and phosphorus levels, and imaging procedures to detect Tumors. Treatment varies depending on the cause: Primary hyperparathyroidism often requires surgical removal of the affected tissue, while secondary hyperparathyroidism treats the underlying condition. Fluid therapy may be necessary for acute hypercalcemia. The prognosis depends on the cause and stage of the disease, with early diagnosis and treatment improving the chances. There is no specific prevention for primary hyperparathyroidism, but regular veterinary check-ups can help detect problems early. A balanced diet is important for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Research focuses on genetic predispositions, improved diagnostic procedures, and new therapeutic approaches, including the role of nutrition and microbiome in the course of the disease.

Causes

The parathyroid glands are small glands located near the thyroid gland. They are crucial for regulating blood calcium levels by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium absorption in the intestine, stimulating calcium release from bones, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys. Overproduction of PTH leads to hypercalcemia, a condition that can cause serious health problems in dogs.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually due to an adenoma, a benign tumor of the parathyroid glands. These Tumors lead to uncontrolled production of PTH. Less commonly, parathyroid carcinomas are the cause, which also lead to overproduction of PTH.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by chronic kidney disease or nutritional imbalances such as a deficiency of calcium or an excess of phosphorus. In chronic kidney disease, the kidneys’ ability to excrete phosphorus is impaired, leading to an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus and stimulating the parathyroid glands to produce more PTH.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of hyperparathyroidism in dogs can be subtle and develop gradually. One of the most common symptoms is polyuria and polydipsia, meaning the dog urinates more than normal and has increased thirst. This occurs due to the effect of increased calcium on kidney function.

Other signs may include loss of appetite, Vomiting, weakness, and Lethargy. Some dogs also show changes in behavior or are depressed. In severe cases, Muscle weakness, tremors, and even bone pain can occur as the body dissolves calcium from the bones to maintain high blood levels.

In the long term, hypercalcemia can lead to calcified soft tissues and organs, especially the kidneys, leading to impaired kidney function and ultimately kidney failure.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism usually begins with a thorough clinical examination and a detailed history. The veterinarian will ask if there are changes in drinking and urinary habits and if other symptoms such as Vomiting or loss of appetite have occurred.

Blood tests are crucial to check calcium levels. An elevated calcium level in the blood is a strong indication of hyperparathyroidism. Phosphorus levels are also measured, as an imbalance between calcium and phosphorus may indicate problems with the parathyroid glands.

A specific test to determine the PTH level in the blood can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Imaging procedures such as ultrasound or X-rays can help identify Tumors or abnormalities in the parathyroid glands.

Therapy

The treatment of hyperparathyroidism depends on the cause. For primary hyperparathyroidism caused by an adenoma, surgical removal of the affected tissue is the most common and effective therapy. This surgery requires careful postoperative monitoring of calcium levels, as a sudden drop can occur after removal.

In secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by kidney disease, treatment focuses on the underlying condition. A special diet with reduced phosphorus content and the administration of phosphate binders can help restore the calcium-phosphorus balance.

In acute cases of hypercalcemia, intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary to rapidly lower calcium levels. Medications such as calcitonin or bisphosphonates can also be used to control calcium levels.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for hyperparathyroidism depends on the cause and stage of the disease. With timely diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism is generally good, especially if the adenoma can be successfully removed.

In secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by chronic kidney disease, the prognosis is more variable and depends on the progression of the kidney disease. Early intervention can slow the progression of the disease and improve the dog’s quality of life.

Prevention

There is no specific prevention for primary hyperparathyroidism, as the development of parathyroid gland Tumors cannot be controlled. However, regular veterinary check-ups can help detect potential problems early.

To prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism, especially in dogs with kidney disease, a balanced diet is crucial. A diet with a balanced calcium and phosphorus content can help minimize the risk of imbalances. In dogs with known kidney problems, regular monitoring of kidney values and electrolyte balance is important.

Outlook on current research

Current research in the field of hyperparathyroidism in dogs focuses on understanding the genetic predisposition and molecular mechanisms that lead to this disease. Researchers are investigating how genetic markers in certain dog breeds might influence susceptibility to hyperparathyroidism. These studies aim to develop preventive measures and improve early diagnostic options through genetic testing.

Another significant area of research is the improvement of diagnostic procedures. Scientists are working on developing non-invasive techniques to better assess the function of the parathyroid glands. These techniques include advanced imaging procedures such as high-resolution ultrasound and specialized blood tests that can detect specific hormonal changes.

In addition, research into therapeutic approaches is of great importance. New treatment strategies focus on the development of drugs that specifically target the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. This includes the exploration of calcimimetics, which could increase the sensitivity of the parathyroid glands to calcium and thus regulate hormone production.

The study of the effects of environmental influences and nutrition on the development of hyperparathyroidism is another aspect of current research. Scientists are trying to understand how factors such as nutritional deficiencies, especially in terms of calcium and vitamin D, could increase the risk for the disease. These findings could lead to recommendations for dietary adjustments that reduce the risk of developing this disease.

Finally, the role of the microbiome in the context of hyperparathyroidism is also being investigated. Researchers are interested in how the intestinal flora could influence calcium metabolism and the health of the parathyroid glands. These findings could open up new perspectives for the treatment and prevention of the disease by highlighting the importance of a healthy intestinal flora for the overall health of the dog.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is Hyperparathyroidism in Dogs? Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism in the body. Overproduction often leads to elevated calcium levels in the blood, which can cause various health problems.
What symptoms are typical of hyperparathyroidism in dogs? The most common symptoms include increased thirst and frequent urination, loss of appetite, Vomiting, Lethargy, and weakness. In severe cases, bone pain or fractures may also occur.
What causes hyperparathyroidism in dogs? The most common cause is a benign tumor of the parathyroid glands, called an adenoma. Other causes may be genetic factors or rarer types of Tumors. Secondary hyperparathyroidism can be triggered by chronic kidney disease or nutritional problems.
How is hyperparathyroidism diagnosed in dogs? Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of blood tests that measure calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, as well as imaging procedures such as ultrasound to examine the parathyroid glands.
What treatment options are available for hyperparathyroidism in dogs? Treatment depends on the cause. In the case of a Tumor, surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland may be necessary. Medications can be used to regulate calcium levels. In some cases, dietary adjustments are necessary.
Can hyperparathyroidism be cured in dogs? If the cause is a benign Tumor and it is successfully removed, the dog can be completely cured. For other causes or if the disease is related to chronic kidney disease, long-term treatment may be necessary.
How can I reduce the risk of hyperparathyroidism in my dog? A balanced diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D is important. Regular veterinary check-ups can help detect the disease early. Genetic counseling may also be useful for certain breeds.
Which breeds are most commonly affected by hyperparathyroidism? Certain breeds such as the Keeshond, Labrador Retriever, and German Shepherd Dog show a higher susceptibility. Genetic predisposition may play a role in these breeds.
Can a dog with hyperparathyroidism live a normal life? With the right treatment and monitoring, many dogs can live a normal and healthy life. However, the prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and the underlying cause.
Are regular blood tests necessary for a dog with hyperparathyroidism? Yes, regular blood tests are important to monitor calcium and parathyroid hormone levels and ensure that treatment is effective. These tests also help to detect possible complications early.