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Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis (Chronic Heart Valve Inflammation) in Dogs

Occurrence: common
Location of illness: Chest

Atrioventricular valve endocardiosis, also known as chronic heart valve inflammation, is a common heart disease in dogs characterized by degenerative changes in the heart valves, particularly the mitral valve. This condition leads to inadequate valve closure, which can lead to heart murmurs and potential heart failure.

The most important facts at a glance

Atrioventricular valve endocardiosis is a heart disease in dogs in which the heart valves thicken and deform, mainly affecting the mitral valve. These changes lead to a backflow of blood into the atria and impair blood flow. The exact causes are unclear, but genetic factors and age play a role. Certain breeds such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Poodles are more commonly affected. Symptoms include reduced resilience, respiratory distress, and cough. Diagnosis is made by clinical examination, heart ultrasound, and possibly X-rays. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease, often through medication and lifestyle changes. In severe cases, heart valve surgery may be considered, but it is complex and risky. The prognosis depends on the stage of the disease and the response to treatment. Early diagnosis and regular veterinary monitoring are crucial. Prevention is difficult, but responsible breeding practices and a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk. Research focuses on genetic factors, new diagnostic techniques, and treatment approaches to improve the quality of life of affected dogs.

Causes

The heart valves play a crucial role in regulating blood flow in the heart by ensuring that blood flows in the right direction. In atrioventricular valve endocardiosis, the valves thicken and become deformed, mainly affecting the mitral valve, but can also affect the tricuspid valve. These structural changes lead to a backflow of blood into the atria, which is called regurgitation.

The exact causes of these degenerative changes are not yet fully understood, but genetic factors are believed to play a significant role. Certain dog breeds, such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Poodles, Chihuahuas, and Dachshunds, show a higher predisposition to this disease. Age is also a significant risk factor, as the likelihood of developing the disease increases in older dogs.

There is also evidence that hormonal and metabolic factors associated with the aging process may contribute to the development of the disease. In addition, environmental influences and dietary habits may play a role, although this has not yet been definitively researched.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of atrioventricular valve endocardiosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease. In the early stages, dogs may be asymptomatic or show only mild clinical signs. A typical first sign is the appearance of a heart murmur, which is detected by the veterinarian during a routine examination.

As the disease progresses, affected dogs often develop symptoms such as cough, which occurs especially at night or during exertion, respiratory distress, reduced resilience, and lethargy. These symptoms are due to the backflow caused by inadequate blood flow.

In advanced cases, heart failure may occur, which can manifest as severe breathing problems, abdominal swelling due to fluid accumulation (ascites), and weight gain due to fluid retention. Some dogs may also experience fainting spells or weakness.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of atrioventricular valve endocardiosis usually begins with a thorough clinical examination by a veterinarian. A heart murmur heard with a stethoscope is often the first indication of the disease. However, further investigations are necessary to accurately determine the extent of heart valve disease.

An echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) is the best method to assess the structure and function of the heart valves. This imaging technique allows the veterinarian to visualize the valve movements, measure the thickness of the valves, and assess the extent of regurgitation. Chest X-rays can also be helpful in detecting enlargement of the heart and fluid accumulation in the lungs.

In addition, electrocardiograms (ECGs) can be performed to identify cardiac arrhythmia, which often occurs in advanced heart valve disease. In some cases, a blood test may also be performed to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms and to assess the dog’s general health.

Therapy

The treatment of atrioventricular valve endocardiosis aims to alleviate symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve the quality of life of the affected dog. In the early stages of the disease, regular monitoring and lifestyle adjustments may be sufficient. These include a balanced diet, controlled exercise, and avoidance of stressful situations.

Diuretics can be used medically to reduce fluid accumulation in the body, and ACE inhibitors to control blood pressure and slow the progression of heart disease. In some cases, medications to control cardiac arrhythmia may also be necessary. It is important that the medication is individually tailored to the dog and regularly checked by the veterinarian.

In severe cases, surgery may be considered, especially if drug therapy is no longer effective. However, heart valve surgery is complex and is only performed in specialized veterinary clinics. This option is usually more expensive and carries its own risks.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with atrioventricular valve endocardiosis depends on several factors, including the extent of valve damage, the presence of symptoms, and the response to treatment. In the early stages of the disease, when there are few or no symptoms, dogs can often live a relatively normal life with regular veterinary monitoring and appropriate care.

However, in more advanced cases, the disease can lead to chronic heart failure, which significantly impairs the quality of life and shortens life expectancy. Timely diagnosis and individualized therapy can help slow the progression of the disease and prolong life.

Prevention

Since genetic factors play a significant role in the development of atrioventricular valve endocardiosis, prevention of the disease is challenging. In dogs from breeds that are predisposed to the disease, responsible breeding practices can help minimize the risk. This includes the selection of breeding animals that show no signs of the disease.

Regular veterinary examinations are crucial to detect and treat the disease early. A healthy diet and a balanced exercise program can also help promote overall heart health and reduce the risk of heart problems.

Although complete prevention of the disease is not possible, a combination of genetic selection, regular monitoring, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the impact of atrioventricular valve endocardiosis on a dog’s life.

Outlook on current research

Research on Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis (Chronic Degenerative Valve Disease, CDVD) in dogs focuses on several key areas. Researchers are investigating the genetic factors that influence susceptibility to this disease. It is suspected that certain dog breeds have a genetic predisposition to developing this disease, which underscores the importance of genetic studies.

Another important area of research is the improvement of diagnostic methods. Current standard methods include physical examinations and imaging techniques such as ultrasound. Researchers are working to develop new biomarkers and non-invasive tests that could allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis. Such advances could significantly improve the prognosis for affected dogs.

In therapeutic research, the focus is on developing new drugs and treatments that could slow down or even stop the progression of the disease. Current treatment options focus primarily on controlling symptoms and improving quality of life. New approaches, including the use of stem cells and gene therapy techniques, are also being investigated.

Another exciting area of research is the investigation of environmental factors that could contribute to the development of CDVD. Dietary habits, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors are being investigated for their influence on the development and course of the disease. This research could lead to preventive measures that reduce the risk of CDVD in dogs.

In addition, intensive work is being carried out to improve surgical techniques. Surgical procedures to repair or replace the affected heart valves are complicated and risky. New minimally invasive techniques and improved postoperative care protocols could increase the success rates of such operations and shorten recovery time.

International collaborations play a crucial role in these research efforts. By sharing data and collaborating in large clinical trials, researchers can gain new insights more quickly and develop more effective treatment strategies. These global efforts are essential to improve the understanding and treatment of this widespread disease.

Overall, research on Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis has made significant progress in recent years. However, much remains to be done to fully understand the complex mechanisms of this disease and to develop more effective treatment options. However, ongoing research offers hope that future generations of dogs can be better protected from the effects of this disease.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis? Atrioventricular valve endocardiosis is a chronic disease of the heart valves that is common in dogs. It leads to thickening and degeneration of the heart valves, which impairs heart function.

What symptoms does a dog with this disease show? Common symptoms include cough, respiratory distress, lethargy, loss of appetite, and, in advanced stages, fainting spells or sudden weakness.

Can all dog breeds be affected by this disease? Yes, in principle all dog breeds can be affected, but small breeds such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Poodles, and Dachshunds are more commonly affected.

How is the disease diagnosed? The diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, X-rays, ultrasound examinations of the heart, and blood tests.

Are there any chances of recovery for affected dogs? A complete cure is not currently possible, but the symptoms can be well managed with medication and appropriate care protocols to improve the quality of life.

What treatment options are there? Treatment usually involves administering medications that relieve the heart, as well as diuretics to reduce fluid accumulation. In some cases, surgery may also be considered.

Can the disease be prevented? There is no specific prevention measure, but a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise can help reduce the risk.

What is the prognosis for dogs with this disease? The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and the response to treatment. Many dogs can maintain a good quality of life with the right treatment.

How often should a dog with this condition be examined by a veterinarian? Regular check-ups with the veterinarian are important to monitor the course of the disease and adjust treatment. Quarterly or semi-annual visits are often recommended.

Does the disease affect my dog’s life expectancy? Yes, the disease can affect life expectancy, especially if it is not diagnosed and treated in time. Early detection and treatment are crucial to maintaining quality of life.