Home » Diseases » In dogs » Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia (Malformation of Heart Valves)

Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia (Malformation of Heart Valves) in Dogs

Occurrence: common
Location of illness: Chest

Atrioventricular valve dysplasia in dogs is a congenital malformation of the heart valves located between the atria and ventricles of the heart, leading to impaired normal heart function.

The most important facts at a glance

Atrioventricular valve dysplasia in dogs is a congenital malformation of the heart valves that impairs blood flow in the heart. The mitral and tricuspid valves are often affected. This malformation has genetic causes and occurs more frequently in certain breeds such as the German Shepherd and Labrador Retriever. Environmental factors during pregnancy, such as infections or malnutrition, can also play a role. Symptoms include Cough, reduced exercise tolerance, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made through clinical examinations and imaging, especially echocardiograms, to assess the heart structure. In some cases, genetic tests are performed to determine susceptibility. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. This may include medications such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Surgical interventions are possible in severe cases. The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease, with mild cases allowing a normal quality of life. Prevention focuses on breeding control and healthy conditions for pregnant bitches. Research is investigating genetic markers, improved diagnostic methods, and new treatment options to improve the quality of life of affected dogs.

Causes

The heart’s atrioventricular valves, the mitral and tricuspid valves, are crucial for regulating blood flow between the heart chambers. In dysplasia, these valves are abnormally shaped or dysfunctional, leading to faulty blood circulation. This can result in heart overload and inadequate oxygen supply to the body.

The causes of this malformation are usually genetic. Certain dog breeds appear to have a higher predisposition to this condition, including the German Shepherd, Bulldog, and Labrador Retriever. In these breeds, genetic mutations during the developmental stages of the heart are suspected to cause this anomaly.

In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors during pregnancy may also play a role. Infections, toxic substances, or malnutrition in the pregnant bitch can affect the development of the fetal heart valves. However, the exact influence of these factors is less well documented than the genetic component.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of atrioventricular valve dysplasia can vary depending on the severity of the malformation. In mild cases, the dogs may be asymptomatic, while in more severe cases, serious heart problems may occur. The most common symptoms include shortness of breath, Cough, decreased exercise tolerance, and Lethargy. In some cases, ascites may also occur due to fluid retention.

In puppies, the disease can lead to delayed development and Growth disorders. Some dogs may also show fainting spells or a bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes, indicating a lack of oxygen. These symptoms result from an inadequate pumping capacity of the heart, which causes insufficient oxygenated blood to reach the body.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of atrioventricular valve dysplasia is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging, and sometimes genetic testing. Initially, a veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination to detect signs of Heart failure such as heart murmurs, difficulty breathing, or fluid retention.

An important diagnostic step is to perform an echocardiogram, which uses ultrasound waves to create a detailed image of the heart and its structures. This examination can show how well the valves are functioning and whether there are any abnormalities. In addition, chest X-rays can be taken to assess the size and shape of the heart and to detect fluid accumulation in the lungs or abdominal cavity.

In some cases, genetic testing may be considered, especially if it is a breed known to be affected by this condition. These tests can help identify genetic markers associated with valve dysplasia.

Therapy

The treatment of atrioventricular valve dysplasia aims to alleviate symptoms and improve the dog’s quality of life. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace the defective valves. However, these procedures are complex and not possible in all cases.

Drug treatment often includes the use of diuretics to remove excess fluid from the body and reduce the strain on the heart. ACE inhibitors can be used to lower blood pressure and support heart function. In some cases, beta-blockers or antiarrhythmics are used to control Cardiac arrhythmia.

In addition to drug therapy, dietary changes can be helpful to relieve the heart. A low-salt diet can help reduce fluid retention. Regular exercise and a healthy weight are also important aspects of managing this condition.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with atrioventricular valve dysplasia depends on the severity of the malformation and the response to treatment. Dogs with mild forms of the disease can have a normal quality of life and life expectancy, especially if the disease is detected and treated early.

In more severe cases, the prognosis may be less favorable. These dogs often have a limited life expectancy and require intensive medical care. Complications such as Heart failure or severe Cardiac arrhythmia can accelerate the progression of the disease.

Close collaboration with a veterinarian and regular check-ups are crucial to monitor the course of the disease and adjust treatment accordingly.

Prevention

Since atrioventricular valve dysplasia is often genetic, prevention is primarily focused on breeding control. Breeders should use genetic testing to exclude affected animals from breeding, thus minimizing the spread of the disease within the breed.

In addition, it is important to keep pregnant bitches in a healthy environment and provide them with a balanced diet to reduce the risk of developmental abnormalities in the fetus. Avoiding stress and contact with potentially harmful substances during pregnancy can also help reduce the likelihood of malformations.

Regular veterinary check-ups, especially in breeds that are susceptible to this condition, can help detect the condition early and improve management. Early diagnosis can be crucial to maintaining the quality of life of affected dogs and minimizing complications.

Outlook on current research

Atrioventricular valve dysplasia (AV valve dysplasia) in dogs is a congenital malformation of the heart valves that can impair the function of the heart. Research into this condition focuses on understanding the genetic and environmental factors that lead to the development of valve dysplasia. Current studies are investigating the genetic markers associated with the disease to better understand how this malformation arises and is inherited. These findings could lead to the development of genetic tests in the future that can detect the risk of AV valve dysplasia in dogs early on.

Another focus of research is on improving diagnostic techniques. The use of advanced imaging techniques, such as three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allows detailed visualization of the heart valves and their dysfunction. Such techniques could increase diagnostic accuracy and help to better assess the severity of the disease. The goal is to make the diagnosis as early as puppyhood to allow for early intervention.

Therapeutic research focuses on the development of new surgical and drug treatment strategies. Experimental surgical techniques, such as valve reconstruction or the use of valve prostheses, are currently being tested in clinical trials. At the same time, work is being done to improve drugs that support heart performance and relieve the symptoms of the disease. In particular, the fine-tuning of the dose and combination of heart-supporting drugs is the focus of research.

In addition, research is being conducted into how environmental influences during pregnancy could increase the risk of AV valve dysplasia. Studies in this area shed light on how factors such as nutrition, stress or infections during pregnancy affect the embryonic development of the cardiovascular system. Findings in this regard could enable preventive measures to reduce the incidence of this malformation.

Ultimately, research into the quality of life of dogs with AV valve dysplasia is also a significant topic. Long-term studies that examine the effects of the disease and its treatment on the well-being of affected animals are intended to help develop the best management strategies for affected dogs. These studies provide valuable information on how the life and care of dogs with the disease can be optimally designed to improve their quality of life.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is atrioventricular valve dysplasia in dogs? Atrioventricular valve dysplasia is a congenital malformation of the heart valves that leads to faulty valve function. This malformation can impair the efficiency of blood flow in the heart and lead to Heart failure.
What symptoms occur in dogs with AV valve dysplasia? The most common symptoms include shortness of breath, Cough, decreased exercise tolerance, weakness, and in severe cases, fluid accumulation in the abdomen or chest. Some dogs also show growth delays or developmental problems.
How is the diagnosis of AV valve dysplasia made? The diagnosis is usually made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging such as X-rays or ultrasound, and echocardiographic examinations that allow a detailed view of the heart structure and function.
Can all dog breeds be affected by AV valve dysplasia? Yes, theoretically all breeds can be affected, but the disease has been observed more frequently in certain breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers. It is believed that there may be genetic predispositions.
Is AV valve dysplasia curable? A complete cure is rarely possible, as it is a congenital malformation. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the dog’s quality of life through medical or surgical measures.
What treatment options are available for AV valve dysplasia? Treatment may vary depending on the severity of the disease and includes drug therapy to support heart function as well as surgical procedures aimed at improving or correcting valve function.
Is surgical correction of AV valve dysplasia possible in dogs? Yes, in some cases surgical correction may be considered. The decision depends on various factors, including the severity of the malformation, the age and health of the dog, and the availability of specialized surgical expertise.
What is the prognosis for dogs with AV valve dysplasia? The prognosis varies greatly and depends on the severity of the disease and the treatment chosen. With appropriate treatment, many dogs can live a relatively normal life, although in severe cases life expectancy may be shortened.
Can preventive measures be taken to prevent AV valve dysplasia? Since it is a congenital disease, preventive measures are limited. However, careful selection of breeding animals and avoiding risk factors during pregnancy can reduce the risk.
How can I help my dog with AV valve dysplasia in everyday life? It is important to have the dog regularly monitored by a veterinarian, administer the medication exactly as directed, and pay attention to an adapted diet and moderate physical activity. A calm and stress-free environment can also help improve the quality of life.