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Arteriosclerosis (Hardening and Blockage of the Arteries) in Dogs

Occurrence: rarer
Location of illness: General/Whole body

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 06.11.2025

Arteriosclerosis in dogs is a condition in which the arteryAn artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Unlike veins, which return deoxygenated blood to the heart, arteries transport oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues. walls harden and narrow, leading to restricted blood circulation. This condition can lead to a variety of health problems as it impairs blood flow to vital organs and tissues.

The most important facts at a glance

Arteriosclerosis in dogs is a rare but serious condition caused by the hardening and narrowing of the arteries. It usually begins with damage to the inner endothelial layer of the arteries, which leads to inflammations and the deposition of cholesterolCholesterol is a fat-like substance found in the body and is necessary for many vital functions, including building cell membranes and producing hormones. However, high cholesterol levels in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. and other fats. These deposits, also called plaquesPlaques are deposits or accumulations of substances on the inner or outer surfaces of body tissues. In veterinary medicine, they can occur on the skin, in blood vessels, or in the brain., can clog the blood vessels. Risk factors include genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases., poor nutrition, overweight, and conditions such as diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism. Symptoms range from loss of appetite and weakness to respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress and pain.

DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made by clinical examination, blood tests, and imaging techniques such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or CT scans. Treatment focuses on slowing the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of the disease and relieving symptoms. This includes dietary changes, medications to lower cholesterolCholesterol is a fat-like substance found in the body and is necessary for many vital functions, including building cell membranes and producing hormones. However, high cholesterol levels in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. levels, and exercise. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. is possible through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and veterinary check-ups.

Research aims to better understand the genetic and environmental causes of arteriosclerosis in dogs. Scientists are also investigating new diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches to detect and effectively treat the disease early. Genetic research could contribute to reducing the risk of arteriosclerosis in certain dog breeds in the long term.

Causes

Arteries are blood vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the organs and tissues. Their walls consist of three layers: the inner endothelial layer, a middle muscle layer, and an outer connective tissue layer. Arteriosclerosis usually begins with damage to the endothelial layer, which leads to inflammation and the deposition of cholesterolCholesterol is a fat-like substance found in the body and is necessary for many vital functions, including building cell membranes and producing hormones. However, high cholesterol levels in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. and other fats. These deposits, also called plaquesPlaques are deposits or accumulations of substances on the inner or outer surfaces of body tissues. In veterinary medicine, they can occur on the skin, in blood vessels, or in the brain., harden and narrow the arteries over time.

Arteriosclerosis is less common in dogs than in humans, but the scientific principles are similar. The disease can be triggered by genetic factors, poor nutrition, or other conditions such as diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism. Older dogs and those with overweight are particularly at higher risk.

One of the main causes of arteriosclerosis is the accumulation of lipids, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL). These lipids can penetrate the walls of the arteries, especially if the endothelial layer is damaged. Inflammatory cells such as macrophages migrate into the damaged region and contribute to the formation of plaquesPlaques are deposits or accumulations of substances on the inner or outer surfaces of body tissues. In veterinary medicine, they can occur on the skin, in blood vessels, or in the brain..

Oxidative stressStress refers to the state of an organism reacting to external stimuli or demands. In veterinary medicine, stress can have physical or psychological effects on animals, impacting their health and well-being. and chronicChronic refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or permanent. Chronic diseases often develop slowly and can lead to persistent or recurring health problems over time. inflammations also play a role in the development of arteriosclerosis. Free radicals can cause cell damage and promote lipid peroxidation, which accelerates the formation of plaquesPlaques are deposits or accumulations of substances on the inner or outer surfaces of body tissues. In veterinary medicine, they can occur on the skin, in blood vessels, or in the brain.. Inflammatory mediators amplify this process by stimulating the migrationMigration refers to the movement or migration of cells or organisms from one place to another. In veterinary medicine, this can include the movement of parasites within the body of dogs and cats. and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the arteryAn artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Unlike veins, which return deoxygenated blood to the heart, arteries transport oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues. wall.

Other factors that can increase the risk of arteriosclerosis in dogs include lack of exercise, poor nutrition, and hormonal imbalances. A diet high in saturated fats and low in antioxidants can contribute to the development of the disease. Hormones such as insulininsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the entry of glucose into cells. insulin deficiency or impaired insulin action are key features of diabetes mellitus. and thyroid hormones affect metabolism and can promote the development of arteriosclerosis in the event of imbalances.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Rare symptoms:

The symptoms of arteriosclerosis in dogs can be subtle and difficult to recognize, especially in the early stages of the disease. In advanced cases, the reduced blood supply to organs such as the heart, brain, or kidneys can lead to clinical symptoms.

A common symptom is reduced performance during walks or play. Dogs may tire more quickly or be unwilling to move. In some cases, cough or respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress may occur, especially if the coronary arteries are affected.

Other possible signs include loss of appetite, weight loss, and behavioral changes. Dogs may become more irritable or show signs of pain and discomfort. In severe cases, collapse or fainting may occur, especially during exertion.

Neurological symptoms such as disorientation, weakness, or sudden behavioral changes may occur if the blood supply to the brain is impaired. These symptoms require immediate veterinary examination.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of arteriosclerosis in dogs begins with a thorough clinical examination and a detailed medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits.. The veterinarian will ask about symptoms, pre-existing conditions, and eating habits. A blood testA blood test is a laboratory procedure in which blood is drawn and analyzed to obtain information about the body's health. It can include various parameters such as blood sugar, blood count, liver and kidney values. can be performed to determine the cholesterolCholesterol is a fat-like substance found in the body and is necessary for many vital functions, including building cell membranes and producing hormones. However, high cholesterol levels in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. and triglyceride levelsTriglyceride levels are a measure of the amount of triglycerides (certain fats) in your blood. Deviations from normal levels may indicate metabolic disorders or diseases. in the blood.

Imaging techniques such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow., X-rays, or CT scans can be used to assess the structure and function of the arteries. In some cases, angiographyangiography is an imaging technique that uses a contrast agent to visualize blood vessels. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose blood vessel diseases in dogs and cats. may be required to visualize the narrowing of the arteries.

In addition, EKGs or echocardiographies can be performed to check heart function, especially if heart symptoms are present. These tests help determine the severity of the disease and rule out other potential causes.

Therapy

The treatment of arteriosclerosis in dogs aims to slow the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of the disease, relieve symptoms, and reduce the risk of complications. A change in diet is often an important first step. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and fiber can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce inflammations.

Medications can be prescribed to control blood pressure, lower blood lipid levels, and prevent blood clotting. Statins are drugs that are often used to lower cholesterolCholesterol is a fat-like substance found in the body and is necessary for many vital functions, including building cell membranes and producing hormones. However, high cholesterol levels in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease. levels, while ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers can help control blood pressure.

Exercise is another important factor in treatment. Regular, moderate exercise can help control weight and promote cardiovascular health. The veterinarian can recommend a special exercise program tailored to the dog’s needs.

In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove blockages or create bypasses. However, these procedures are complex and are usually only performed in specialized clinics.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for dogs with arteriosclerosis depends on the severity of the disease and the timing of the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. Early detection and timely treatment can slow the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of the disease and improve the quality of life.

Dogs that are diagnosed and treated early can often lead a relatively normal life, especially if the treatment is carried out consistently and the lifestyle is adapted. However, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. is worse if the disease is diagnosed in an advanced stage or if serious complications occur.

Regular monitoring by the veterinarian is important to monitor the course of the disease and adjust the treatment if necessary. Owners should watch out for signs of deterioration and consult the veterinarian immediately if new symptoms occur.

Prevention

The preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of arteriosclerosis in dogs focuses on a healthy lifestyle and regular veterinary check-ups. A balanced diet rich in healthy fats, fiber, and antioxidants can help reduce the risk. Avoid excessive amounts of saturated fats and ensure an adequate supply of essential fatty acids.

Regular exercise is crucial to maintaining a healthy weight and promoting cardiovascular health. An active lifestyle can help regulate metabolism and reduce the risk of overweight and related diseases.

Regular veterinary examinations are important to monitor the dog’s general health and respond to potential problems early. Blood tests can help monitor fat metabolism and respond to abnormalities early.

In addition, dietary supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants can help reduce inflammations and support the health of blood vessels. However, these should always be administered in consultation with a veterinarian to ensure safe and effective use.

Outlook on current research

Arteriosclerosis is a condition that is rarely diagnosed in dogs, but is still being studied by veterinarians and researchers to gain a better understanding of its causes and effects. Research is currently focused on identifying the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis in dogs. Scientists are studying specific breeds that may be more susceptible to arterial problems and comparing them to breeds in which the disease is less common.

Another important area of research is the study of the role of nutrition and lifestyle in the development of arteriosclerosis. Researchers are analyzing how different diets and feeding habits can affect the risk of hardening of the arteries. There is evidence that high-fat diets, overweight, and lack of exercise in dogs, similar to humans, can increase the risk of arteriosclerosis.

Another significant advance in research is the development of new diagnostic methods to detect arteriosclerosis early. Imaging techniques such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. technology are currently being developed to better visualize the condition of the arteries in dogs. These technologies could enable veterinarians to detect changes in arteryAn artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Unlike veins, which return deoxygenated blood to the heart, arteries transport oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues. structure earlier and initiate appropriate treatment measures.

In addition, there are efforts to develop therapeutic approaches that are specifically tailored to dogs. These include drugs that can slow or stop the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of hardening of the arteries, as well as new surgical techniques to treat advanced cases. Research in this area is promising, but further studies are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of these treatments.

Genetic research is also gaining importance as scientists study the role of specific genes in susceptibility to arteriosclerosis. By understanding the genetic basis of this disease, breeding programs could be developed that reduce the risk of arteriosclerosis in certain dog breeds. This type of research could help reduce the incidenceIncidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur within a specific time period in a specific population group. It provides information about the risk of contracting the disease. of this disease in dogs in the long term.

Overall, research shows that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to effectively understand and treat arteriosclerosis in dogs. Collaboration between veterinary physicians, geneticists, nutritionists, and other experts is crucial to making progress in the preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. and treatment of this disease. Future studies will hopefully provide even deeper insights and lead to better health solutions for affected dogs.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is arteriosclerosis in dogs? Arteriosclerosis is a condition in which a dog’s arteries harden and narrow. This can impair blood flow and lead to serious health problems.
How common is arteriosclerosis in dogs? Arteriosclerosis is relatively rare in dogs compared to humans. It is more common in older dogs or those with certain genetic predispositions.
What symptoms can occur in a dog with arteriosclerosis? Symptoms can include lethargy, respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress, reduced resilience, and, in severe cases, heart problems. Often, the symptoms are non-specific and difficult to assign.
How is arteriosclerosis diagnosed in dogs? Arteriosclerosis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, blood tests, and imaging techniques such as ultrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. or X-rays. An accurate diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. often requires specialized tests.
Can arteriosclerosis be treated in dogs? Yes, there are treatment approaches that can slow the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of the disease. These include dietary adjustments, medications, and, in some cases, surgical interventions.
Which dog breeds are more susceptible to arteriosclerosis? Certain breeds may be more susceptible due to genetic factors. Research is underway to identify these breeds and develop appropriate preventive measures.
What role does nutrition play in the development of arteriosclerosis? A high-fat diet and overweight can increase the risk of arteriosclerosis in dogs. A balanced diet is important to minimize the risk.
Are there ways to prevent arteriosclerosis in dogs? A healthy diet, regular exercise, and regular veterinary visits can help reduce the risk. Preventive measures are particularly important for breeds with genetic risk factors.
How does arteriosclerosis affect a dog’s quality of life? The quality of life can be affected by reduced physical activity and general discomfort. In severe cases, serious health complications can occur.
What should I do if I suspect my dog has arteriosclerosis? If you notice symptoms that indicate arteriosclerosis, you should see a veterinarian immediately. Early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment can significantly improve your dog’s quality of life.