Ablatio Retinae (Retinal Detachment in the Eye) in Dogs
- Occurrence: rarer
- Location of illness: Head/Neck
Retinal detachment, also known as ablatio retinae, is a serious pathological condition of the eye in which the retina detaches from its underlying supply layer, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The retina is a light-sensitive tissue layer at the back of the eye that is responsible for converting light stimuli into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. In dogs and cats, retinal detachment is less common than in humans, but it is still an ophthalmological emergency that requires immediate veterinary intervention.
The most important facts at a glance
Ablatio retinae or retinal detachment is a serious condition in which the retina detaches from the underlying pigment epithelium, which can lead to vision loss or even blindness. It can be triggered by various causes, including systemic diseases such as hypertension, trauma, inflammatory processes or hereditary factors.
The symptoms include behavioral changes that indicate visual impairment, such as uncertainty when moving, bumping into objects or altered pupillary reactions. The diagnosis is made by ophthalmological examinations, ultrasound, electroretinography and, if necessary, OCT.
Treatment depends on the cause and includes conservative measures such as treating underlying diseases or surgical interventions such as vitrectomy and retinopexy. The prognosis depends heavily on the time of diagnosis and treatment, with early intervention providing the best results.
Aftercare includes regular check-ups, continued treatment of underlying diseases and, if necessary, adjustments to the environment in the event of vision loss. Despite the severity of the disease, many animals can achieve a good quality of life with appropriate treatment and care, even if some vision loss remains.
Causes
- Trauma or injuries to the eye
- Severe inflammatory conditions of the eye
- Degenerative changes in the eye
- Elevated intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
- Genetic predisposition in some breeds
Anatomically, the retina consists of several layers, the outermost of which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). These are responsible for the actual perception of light. In a detachment, the connection between the retina and the pigment epithelium is interrupted, which impairs the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptors. Without this vital supply, the photoreceptors begin to die off within a few hours, which can lead to permanent visual impairment or even blindness.
The causes of retinal detachment in animals are varied and can be divided into different categories:
Rhegmatogenous Ablatio Retinae
This form is caused by a tear in the retina through which fluid from the vitreous cavity can enter the subretinal space. Triggers can be trauma, degenerative changes in the vitreous body, or spontaneous tears. In older animals, age-related changes in the vitreous body can lead to tensile forces that cause retinal tears.
Exudative (Serous) Ablatio Retinae
In this form, fluid collects between the retina and the pigment epithelium without a tear being present. The causes are often inflammatory processes, vascular changes, or systemic diseases. Systemic hypertension, which is often associated with kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, or hyperadrenocorticism, is a significant risk factor. Tumors, abscesses, or vascular disorders can also lead to exudative detachments.
Tractional Ablatio Retinae
This form is caused by tensile forces exerted on the retina. Fibrovascular membranes or scar tissue that forms on the retinal surface can mechanically distort and eventually detach the retina. This often occurs in connection with proliferative retinopathies or severe intraocular inflammation.
Congenital or Hereditary Factors
Certain dog breeds show a genetic predisposition to retinal diseases that can lead to detachments. These include Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA), progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and other hereditary retinopathies. Particularly susceptible breeds include Collies, Shelties, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
Systemic Diseases
Various systemic diseases can lead to secondary retinal detachments. These include high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism (especially in cats), hyperadrenocorticism, and various autoimmune diseases. These underlying diseases often lead to changes in the blood vessels or inflammatory reactions that can impair the integrity of the retina.
Symptoms
The symptoms of retinal detachment can vary depending on the extent and location of the detachment. Since animals cannot directly communicate their vision problems, it is important for pet owners to pay attention to behavioral changes that may indicate visual impairment.
In partial retinal detachment, affected animals often show subtle signs such as slight uncertainty in unfamiliar surroundings or when climbing stairs. They may also increasingly bump into objects, especially if they are in their peripheral field of vision. Some animals appear more anxious or withdrawn than usual because they can no longer fully perceive their surroundings.
In advanced or complete detachments, the symptoms become clearer. The animals may suddenly have difficulty orienting themselves, finding familiar paths, or reacting to movements. They move more cautiously, with their heads raised, and may hesitate to jump down from elevated positions. Increased blinking or increased sensitivity to light is also often observed.
Ophthalmologically, some animals may show dilated pupils (mydriasis) that do not react or only react slowly to light. In secondary inflammation or bleeding, redness, cloudiness, or increased tear production may also occur. In some cases, an abnormal reflex from the inside of the eye is visible when viewed directly with a light source.
It is important to note that retinal detachment is painless in many cases, which is why the animals show no obvious signs of discomfort. This can lead to the disease being detected late, which worsens the prognosis.
Diagnosis
- Fundoscopy to examine the retina
- Ultrasound of the eye to confirm the detachment and assess its extent
- Imaging techniques such as OCT for detailed viewing of the retinal structure
Ophthalmoscopy (direct and indirect): Is the classic standard procedure for examining the fundus. In cases of detachment, a partially to completely grayish-white, bulging area is often visible. In total detachment, the retina can protrude into the vitreous body like a “sail” or “screen”.
Ultrasound examination (B-scan sonography): Is the central examination method for opaque optical media (e.g., in the case of cataracts, vitreous hemorrhages) to indirectly represent a retinal detachment. It can be used well to assess the extent and shape (flat, bullous, total detachment) of the retinal detachment.
Electroretinography (ERG): This is used to test the function of the retina (especially the photoreceptors). In extensive detachment, strongly reduced or absent reactions are observed. This examination method helps to make prognosis decisions (e.g., whether surgery is useful).
Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This is currently one of the most modern methods for high-resolution imaging of the retinal layers. This examination method is increasingly available in specialized centers for veterinary ophthalmology. It enables the precise representation of defects, subretinal fluid accumulations, and changes in individual retinal layers.
Therapy
- Surgical procedures such as vitrectomy or the introduction of silicone oil or gas to return the retina to its place
- Laser therapy or cryotherapy to repair retinal tears and prevent further detachments
- Scleral buckle
- Treatment of the underlying cause of the detachment
Conservative therapy
- Blood pressure control: Especially in exudative and hypertensive retinal detachment, adjusting blood pressure is essential. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II blockers, or other blood pressure-lowering medications can reduce fluid accumulation.
- Therapy for underlying diseases: e.g., kidney disease, hyperthyroidism (very rare in dogs, more common in cats), hyperadrenocorticism.
- Glucocorticoids or other anti-inflammatory drugs may be indicated for immune-mediated/inflammatory causes, e.g., in cases of uveitis.
Surgical therapy
- Vitrectomy with retinopexy (laser or cryoapplication) to stabilize the retina.
- Silicone oil or gas tamponade: Keeps the retina stably attached to the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) following the procedure.
- In cases of tractional detachments, the connective tissue can be surgically removed to eliminate the tensile forces
Prognosis and follow-up care
The prognosis for retinal detachment depends on various factors, including the cause, extent, and duration of the detachment, as well as the speed of treatment. In general, the earlier the treatment, the better the chances of preserving or restoring vision.
In exudative detachments caused by systemic diseases such as hypertension, the prognosis is relatively good if the underlying disease can be treated successfully. Many animals regain some of their vision when blood pressure is normalized and the retina reattaches.
In rhegmatogenous or tractional detachments, the prognosis should be more cautious. The success of surgical interventions depends heavily on the extent of damage already done to the photoreceptors. After about 72 hours without supply, photoreceptors begin to die irreversibly, which limits functional recovery.
Aftercare following treatment is crucial for long-term success. Regular check-ups are necessary to monitor the healing process and detect possible complications early on. In surgical procedures with gas or oil tamponades, special rules of conduct must be observed to ensure the optimal position of the tamponade.
Drug aftercare often includes anti-inflammatory and antibiotic eye drops, as well as continued treatment of underlying diseases. In animals with permanent vision loss, it is important to adapt the environment to enable them to navigate safely.
In the long term, regular monitoring of intraocular pressure and the fundus is important, as animals with retinal detachment have an increased risk of further eye complications such as glaucoma or recurrent detachments.
Prevention
The prevention of retinal detachment primarily aims at controlling the underlying diseases that can trigger this condition. These include high blood pressure, severe inflammatory conditions, or injuries to the eye. Regular ophthalmological examinations, especially in genetically predisposed breeds, are crucial. Shocks or trauma to the head should be avoided, and eye injuries should be treated by a veterinarian immediately. In older dogs and animals with systemic diseases, an annual blood pressure measurement is recommended. A balanced diet containing antioxidant nutrients can support eye health. Early detection of vision problems is key to preventing irreversible damage.
Outlook on current research
Research in the field of veterinary ophthalmology is making continuous progress, which also affects the diagnosis and treatment of retinal detachments. Current developments are focused on several promising areas.
In diagnostics, high-resolution imaging techniques such as spectral optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and OCT angiography are increasingly being used. These technologies enable a more detailed representation of the retinal structures and retinal blood flow, which leads to a more precise diagnosis and therapy planning. Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used for the automated analysis of this complex image data, which could improve the early detection of retinal changes.
In the field of surgical therapy, minimally invasive techniques are being further developed, which are less traumatic for the eye and allow shorter recovery times. New materials for intraocular tamponades with improved properties regarding compatibility and duration of action are being researched. The development of special microsurgical instruments for veterinary ophthalmology is also progressing.
A promising area of research is regenerative medicine. Stem cell therapies for the regeneration of damaged retinal cells are in experimental stages. Initial studies on laboratory animals show that transplanted retinal progenitor cells can integrate into the retina and establish functional connections. However, the transfer of these approaches into clinical veterinary medicine is still pending.
Pharmacological approaches are also being intensively researched. Neuroprotective substances could prolong the survival of photoreceptors after retinal detachment, thus extending the time window for successful treatment. Anti-angiogenic factors are being investigated for the treatment of proliferative retinopathies that can lead to tractional retinal detachments.
Genetic research is making progress in identifying risk genes for hereditary retinal diseases. In the future, this could lead to targeted breeding programs and potentially gene therapy approaches to prevent or treat hereditary forms of retinal detachment.
Close collaboration between human and veterinary medicine, in line with the One Health concept, leads to an accelerated transfer of knowledge, from which both sides benefit. Many treatment approaches from human ophthalmology are being adapted and optimized for use in animals.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
1. What is Ablatio Retinae (Retinal Detachment) in Dogs?
In ablatio retinae, the retina in the dog’s eye detaches completely or partially from its base (the pigment epithelium). The retina is responsible for converting light stimuli into nerve impulses. If it detaches, the light signals are no longer transmitted correctly, which can lead to vision loss or even blindness.
Background: According to information found on specialist portals (e.g. petsvetcheck.de), rapid detection is essential because a persistent detachment can lead to irreversible damage.
2. How Do I Recognize a Possible Retinal Detachment in My Dog?
Dog owners often notice subtle changes in their animal’s behavior. These include:
- Uncertainty / disorientation when walking, especially in unfamiliar surroundings
- Colliding with objects
- Frequent blinking, dilated pupils
- Shying away from bright light sources
- Sometimes redness or cloudiness in the eye, if an inflammation or bleeding is involved
According to petsvetcheck.de, general restlessness, unwillingness to go for a walk, or unusual Anxiety can also indicate a visual impairment. If these symptoms occur, a prompt veterinary eye examination is recommended.
3. What Causes Can Trigger Ablatio Retinae in Dogs?
Several factors can be considered as triggers:
- Hereditary predispositions (genetic factors): Certain breeds have a higher risk of retinal problems (e.g. Collies, Retrievers).
- High blood pressure (hypertension): This can lead to vascular damage in the eye. This is particularly relevant in older dogs or those with kidney disease.
- Inflammation or infections: Uveitis or other inflammation in the eye can promote detachment.
- Trauma: Falls, car accidents or other head injuries.
- Systemic diseases: Diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc.
On petsvetcheck.de, it is emphasized that treating an underlying disease (e.g., blood pressure regulation) often plays an essential role in preventing the progression of the detachment.
4. How is Retinal Detachment Diagnosed in Dogs?
Diagnostics usually include:
- General eye examination: Checking the pupillary reaction, the fundus structures using an ophthalmoscope.
- Ultrasound examination of the eye: If the retina in the eye is not clearly visible (e.g. in the case of bleeding, cloudiness), an ultrasound can provide more detailed information.
- Tonometry (measurement of intraocular pressure): To differentiate from glaucoma.
- Blood tests: to rule out or identify underlying diseases (kidney values, blood sugar, blood pressure measurement).
According to veterinary medicine overviews (e.g., petsvetcheck.de), early diagnosis is urgent because successful treatment depends heavily on how quickly one reacts.
5. Are there Dog Breeds that are Particularly Susceptible to Retinal Detachment?
There are some breeds in which a hereditary predisposition to retinal diseases has been described. These include Collies, Shelties, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and certain other breeds.
Note: It is recommended that these breeds undergo regular check-ups. In older dogs or those with known pre-existing conditions (e.g. heart disease, hypertension), intraocular pressure and the fundus should be checked more frequently.
6. How is Retinal Detachment Treated in Dogs?
Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the detachment:
- Drug therapy: If there is an underlying disease such as high blood pressure or inflammation (uveitis), this is treated specifically (e.g. antihypertensive drugs, antibiotics, corticosteroids).
- Surgical interventions: In individual cases, operations such as laser therapy or vitrectomies may be considered. However, these procedures are very specialized and not available everywhere.
- Stabilizing measures: Rest, avoidance of further trauma, monitoring of blood values and intraocular pressure.
On websites like petsvetcheck.de, it is emphasized that quick action is important, because especially in acute detachment, the chance of reattachment of the retina decreases with every hour.
7. What is the Prognosis for a Dog with Retinal Detachment
The prognosis depends heavily on the time of diagnosis and the extent of the detachment.
- Early detection: The faster the cause is identified and treated, the higher the probability that some of the vision will be preserved or improved.
- Full detachment: In the case of total retinal detachment, the prospect of restoring vision is low.
- Control underlying disease: In systemic causes (e.g. high blood pressure, diabetes), the prognosis may be better if the disease is treated effectively.
As petsvetcheck.de states, regular check-ups after therapy are essential to detect and treat possible relapses early.
8. Can Ablatio Retinae be Prevented in Dogs?
Direct prevention of retinal detachment is only possible to a limited extent, but precautionary measures can reduce the risk:
- Regular eye examinations, especially in at-risk breeds.
- Control of underlying diseases such as high blood pressure or diabetes.
- Avoidance of trauma: In older dogs or dogs with impaired vision, unnecessary risks (e.g. jumps from a great height) should be reduced.
- Balanced diet: Helps to keep systemic diseases such as diabetes in check.
On veterinary websites such as petsvetcheck.de, it is additionally emphasized that early treatment of Ocular inflammation or infections can prevent a possible detachment.
9. What Aftercare is Important after Treatment or Surgery?
- Regular check-ups: To monitor the healing process and quickly detect renewed detachments or complications (e.g. inflammation).
- Medication management: If eye drops, antihypertensive drugs or other medications have been prescribed, precise adherence to the therapy plan is crucial.
- Stress reduction and protection of the eye: Avoid situations in which the dog could injure its head (e.g. confined spaces, slippery floors).
- Long-term monitoring of underlying diseases: If a cause for the ablatio retinae is known (e.g. hypertension), it must be treated permanently.
According to petsvetcheck.de, it makes sense to maintain close communication with the veterinarian as part of the aftercare in order to optimally support the recovery process.
10. Can a Dog with (Partial) Vision Loss Still Lead a Good Life?
Yes, in many cases dogs can adapt surprisingly well to reduced vision or even blindness.
- Orientation and sense of smell: dogs rely heavily on their sense of smell and hearing, so they can cope well even in familiar environments.
- Adjustments in everyday life: Avoiding rearranging things at home and a structured environment help.
- Patience and training: With targeted training, the dog learns to follow commands even without visual signals.
As highlighted by platforms such as petsvetcheck.de, among others, safety in everyday life (e.g., avoiding falls on stairs, sharp edges) plays a major role in enabling a visually impaired dog to continue to lead a largely normal and happy life.