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Ulcerative Keratitis, Corneal Ulcer in cats

Occurrence: common
Location of illness: Head/Neck

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 17.02.2026

When to visit the vet?

Urgent see a veterinarian within 24 hours

If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.

Definition

A corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. or ulcerativeUlcerative refers to the condition or process that leads to the formation of ulcers. Ulcers are open Wounds or Lesions that can form on the skin or mucous membranes, are painful, and often heal slowly. keratitis in cats is a painful injury or wound on the outer layer of the cornea that can lead to infections and may impair vision.

The most important facts at a glance

UlcerativeUlcerative refers to the condition or process that leads to the formation of ulcers. Ulcers are open Wounds or Lesions that can form on the skin or mucous membranes, are painful, and often heal slowly. keratitis, also known as corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions., is a serious eye disease in cats caused by injuries or infections of the cornea. The cornea is the outer, clear layer of the eye that can be easily damaged by scratches, foreign bodies, or infections by bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease., viruses, or fungi. FelineFeline refers to anything related to cats. The term is used to describe diseases, behaviors, or anatomical aspects that are specific to cats. herpesvirus is a common viralViral refers to viruses and their effects on the organism. Viral infections in dogs and cats can range from harmless colds to severe, life-threatening diseases. cause. Symptoms include pain, increased tear flow, and closing of the affected eye. DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made through an eye examination by the veterinarian, often using a fluorescein test that makes damaged areas visible. Treatment includes antibiotic or antiviral eye drops, pain therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., and in severe cases, surgical interventions. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends on the severity of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. and the speed of treatment. Preventive measures include regular eye checks and cleaning the cat’s environment. Research focuses on new diagnostic and treatment methods, such as advanced imaging and innovative medications, to improve healing and prevent complications.

Causes

The cornea is the clear, outer layer of the eye and plays a crucial role in protecting the inner structures of the eye and focusing light. It consists of several layers, with the outermost layer, the epitheliumEpithelium is a type of tissue that lines the surfaces of the body, as well as internal cavities and ducts. Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier, is involved in secretion, and can have sensory functions., being the most vulnerable to injury. If this layer is damaged, a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. can develop.

Key causes of corneal ulcers in cats include injuries from external factors such as scratches or foreign bodies entering the eye. Infections by bacteriaBacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost every environment on Earth. Some types of bacteria are beneficial or even essential to life, while others can cause disease., viruses, or fungi can also damage the cornea. A common viralViral refers to viruses and their effects on the organism. Viral infections in dogs and cats can range from harmless colds to severe, life-threatening diseases. cause in cats is felineFeline refers to anything related to cats. The term is used to describe diseases, behaviors, or anatomical aspects that are specific to cats. herpesvirus, which causes eye inflammation and can damage the cornea.

Another risk exists for cats with dry eyes, a condition where tear production is insufficient. Tears are important to keep the cornea moist and prevent infections. Without sufficient tear fluid, the cornea can dry out and become more susceptible to ulcers.

Additionally, certain systemic diseases or nutritional deficiencies can increase the risk of developing corneal ulcers. A weakened immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. or inadequate nutrition can impair the cornea’s natural defense against infections.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

A corneal ulcer is usually very painful, and cats often show clear symptoms. One of the most common signs is increased blinking or squinting of the affected eye because the cat is trying to relieve the Pain.

Other symptoms include redness of the eye, tearing, and the appearance of discharge, which may be clear or purulentPurulent refers to pus or the production of pus, which may indicate a bacterial infection. Purulent inflammatory conditions are often painful and may have significant swelling and redness.. The cat may also bring its paw to the affected eye, indicating discomfort. In some cases, the cornea may appear cloudy or milky.

In more severe ulcers, a visible depressionDepression refers to a state of reduced mood and activity. In dogs and cats, it can be triggered by various factors, including illness, trauma, or changes in the environment. or crater may appear in the cornea. If the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. is not treated in time, it can lead to a perforationA perforation is a rupture or hole in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract or bladder, which can lead to the release of contents into the body and severe infection. Perforations are Emergencies that require rapid veterinary intervention in dogs and cats. of the cornea, which poses a serious threat to the cat’s vision.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. is usually made through a thorough eye examination by the veterinarian. An important diagnostic tool is the fluorescein test, in which a special dye is applied to the cornea. This dye adheres to damaged areas of the cornea and glows under blue light, making the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. visible.

The veterinarian can also perform an examination with a slit lampA slit lamp is a special microscope used in veterinary ophthalmology to examine the anterior structures of the eye in detail, including the cornea, the iris, and the lens. Examination with a slit lamp can aid in the diagnosis of eye diseases in dogs and cats. to assess the severity and depth of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions.. If an infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease. is suspected, a culture of the eye discharge can be taken to identify the specific pathogenA pathogen is a microorganism or virus that can cause disease in its host. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. and enable targeted treatment.

In some cases, it may be necessary to perform additional diagnostic tests to identify underlying causes such as systemic diseases or tear deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones.. Blood tests or special tests for viralViral refers to viruses and their effects on the organism. Viral infections in dogs and cats can range from harmless colds to severe, life-threatening diseases. infections may be required to get a comprehensive picture of the cat’s health.

Therapy

The treatment of corneal ulcers in cats usually requires a multi-pronged strategy aimed at healing the cornea and combating infections. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are often prescribed to combat bacterial infections and prevent further deterioration of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions..

For viralViral refers to viruses and their effects on the organism. Viral infections in dogs and cats can range from harmless colds to severe, life-threatening diseases. causes, such as a herpesvirus infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease., antiviral medications may be necessary. These can be administered as eye drops or oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. medications to reduce the viral load and promote healing.

Pain therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is also important to improve the cat’s well-being. Pain-relieving medications or anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. may be prescribed to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.

In more severe cases, surgery may be required to repair the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. or strengthen the cornea. Procedures such as conjunctival transplantation or the use of protective lenses may be considered to aid healing.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for cats with corneal ulcers depends on several factors, including the severity of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions., the underlying cause, and the speed at which treatment is initiated. Early detection and immediate treatment usually significantly improve the chances of healing.

In many cases, smaller ulcers can heal completely with timely treatment without permanently affecting the cat’s vision. More severe or complicated ulcers, especially if accompanied by an infectionAn infection is the colonization and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites in an organism, which often, but not always, leads to a disease., can however lead to scar tissue formation or vision loss.

Long-term complications can be avoided by carefully following the veterinarian’s recommendations and performing regular check-ups to ensure that the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. is healing and no new problems arise.

Prevention

To minimize the risk of corneal ulcers in cats, it is important to check your cat’s eyes regularly. Look for redness, cloudiness, or unusual secretions that may indicate a problem. Early detection of eye problems can often prevent a serious ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. from developing.

Keep your cat’s environment clean and free of potentially irritating substances such as dust or harsh chemicals. If your cat is an outdoor cat, it can be helpful to gently clean the eyes with a soft, damp cloth after being outdoors to remove dirt and foreign objects.

Regular veterinary check-ups are also important to monitor your cat’s overall health and detect potential eye problems early. For long-haired cats, it can be helpful to keep the fur around the eyes short to avoid eye irritation from hairs.

If you notice that your cat is frequently rubbing or closing its eyes, seek veterinary attention immediately to prevent the symptoms from worsening. A quick response can often prevent the progressionProgression refers to the advancement or worsening of a disease over time. It describes an increase in the severity or extent of the disease symptoms. of a corneal ulcer and protect the health of your cat’s eyes in the long term.

Outlook on current research

Ulcerative keratitis, also known as corneal ulcer, is a serious eye problem in cats characterized by the formation of ulcers on the cornea. Current research is intensively working to identify the causes and best treatment methods for this condition. Researchers are particularly investigating the role of bacterial and viral infections, as these often act as triggers for such ulcers. The genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. of certain cat breeds is also being investigated to understand why some cats are more susceptible to this condition.

Another important area of research is the development of new diagnostic techniques that enable earlier and more accurate detection of corneal ulcers. Advanced imaging techniques are used here, which allow veterinarians to better assess the depth and extent of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions.. Early diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is crucial to prevent permanent damage to the cornea.

Therapeutically, research focuses on the development of new drugs and treatment protocols that are more effective and less invasiveInvasive describes medical procedures or pathogens that enter the body or penetrate tissue. In medicine, invasive procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to open surgery.. There are promising studies investigating the use of stem cells and biological materials to promote corneal healing. These approaches could long-term reduce the need for surgical interventions, which are often risky.

Another exciting research approach is the investigation of the role of the eye’s microbiome in the development and healing of corneal ulcers. Scientists assume that a healthy microbial balance on the cornea can help prevent infections and promote healing. These findings could lead to new preventive measures that reduce the risk of ulcers.

Finally, there is innovative work focusing on the development of contact lenses that can deliver medication directly to the cornea. This technology could improve the effectiveness of treatment by enabling continuous and targeted delivery of therapeutics. Overall, research in the field of ulcerativeUlcerative refers to the condition or process that leads to the formation of ulcers. Ulcers are open Wounds or Lesions that can form on the skin or mucous membranes, are painful, and often heal slowly. keratitis promises exciting advances that could significantly improve the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for affected cats.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. in cats? A corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. is an open wound on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye. This wound can be caused by various factors such as injuries, infections, or dry eyes. In cats, bacterial or viralViral refers to viruses and their effects on the organism. Viral infections in dogs and cats can range from harmless colds to severe, life-threatening diseases. infections are often the cause.
How do I know if my cat has a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions.? Symptoms may include redness, tearing, blinking, squinting, or discharge from the eye. Often the cat also appears restless and scratches at the eye. A veterinarian should be consulted immediately if you suspect anything.
How is a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. diagnosed in cats? The veterinarian usually performs a thorough eye examination, using special dyes to make the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. visible. In some cases, swabs or cultures may also be required to identify the cause.
What treatment options are available for corneal ulcers in cats? Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions.. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are often used. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the cornea.
Can corneal ulcers be cured in cats? Yes, many corneal ulcers can be cured, especially if treated early. The healing process depends on the cause and the general health of the cat. Prompt treatment is crucial to avoid complications.
How can I prevent my cat from getting a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions.? Regular eye examinations and a clean environment can help prevent infections. Additionally, contact with other animals suffering from infections should be avoided. A balanced diet strengthens the immune systemThe immune system is the body's defense system against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It comprises a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body. and can also have a preventive effect.
Are certain cat breeds more prone to corneal ulcers? Yes, certain breeds such as Persian cats or Siamese cats are more susceptible due to their eye shape. Cats with flat faces or known genetic eye diseases are also at higher risk.
What complications can occur with untreated corneal ulcers? If a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. remains untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as a perforationA perforation is a rupture or hole in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract or bladder, which can lead to the release of contents into the body and severe infection. Perforations are Emergencies that require rapid veterinary intervention in dogs and cats. of the cornea, which in the worst case can lead to blindness of the affected eye. Infections can also spread and further damage the eye.
Can a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. in cats heal on its own? In rare cases, a very small ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. may heal without treatment, but the risk of complications is high. It is always advisable to seek professional veterinary help to ensure that the correct treatment is given.
How long does it take for a corneal ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions. to heal in cats? The healing time can vary greatly and depends on the cause, severity of the ulcerAn ulcer is an open wound or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane that often heals poorly and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and chronic inflammatory conditions., and the treatment chosen. Healing usually takes a few weeks, but may take longer in complicated cases.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

1. What is a corneal ulcer in cats?

A corneal ulcer is an open wound on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye. This wound can be caused by various factors such as injuries, infections, or dry eyes. In cats, bacterial or viral infections are often the cause.

2. How do I know if my cat has a corneal ulcer?

Symptoms may include redness, tearing, blinking, squinting, or discharge from the eye. Often the cat also appears restless and scratches at the eye. A veterinarian should be consulted immediately if you suspect anything.

3. How is a corneal ulcer diagnosed in cats?

The veterinarian usually performs a thorough eye examination, using special dyes to make the ulcer visible. In some cases, swabs or cultures may also be required to identify the cause.

4. What treatment options are available for corneal ulcers in cats?

Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the ulcer. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are often used. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the cornea.

5. Can corneal ulcers be cured in cats?

Yes, many corneal ulcers can be cured, especially if treated early. The healing process depends on the cause and the general health of the cat. Prompt treatment is crucial to avoid complications.

6. How can I prevent my cat from getting a corneal ulcer?

Regular eye examinations and a clean environment can help prevent infections. Additionally, contact with other animals suffering from infections should be avoided. A balanced diet strengthens the immune system and can also have a preventive effect.

7. Are certain cat breeds more prone to corneal ulcers?

Yes, certain breeds such as Persian cats or Siamese cats are more susceptible due to their eye shape. Cats with flat faces or known genetic eye diseases are also at higher risk.

8. What complications can occur with untreated corneal ulcers?

If a corneal ulcer remains untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as a perforation of the cornea, which in the worst case can lead to blindness of the affected eye. Infections can also spread and further damage the eye.

9. Can a corneal ulcer in cats heal on its own?

In rare cases, a very small ulcer may heal without treatment, but the risk of complications is high. It is always advisable to seek professional veterinary help to ensure that the correct treatment is given.

10. How long does it take for a corneal ulcer to heal in cats?

The healing time can vary greatly and depends on the cause, severity of the ulcer, and the treatment chosen. Healing usually takes a few weeks, but may take longer in complicated cases.