Home » Diseases » In cats » Hypomyelination, Shaking Puppy Syndrome, SPS (lack of fatty covering of nerves, myelin deficiency)

Hypomyelination, Shaking Puppy Syndrome, SPS (lack of fatty covering of nerves, myelin deficiency) in cats

Occurrence: very rare
Location of illness: General/Whole body, Head/Neck

Author: Dr. med. vet. Gisa Löwe | Last modified: 17.02.2026

When to visit the vet?

Non-urgent see a veterinarian within 2–3 days

If the condition worsens / symptoms persist, consult a veterinarian.

Definition

Hypomyelination, also known as Shaking Puppy SyndromeA syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific disease or condition. A syndrome can be caused by various factors and is often complex in its diagnosis and treatment. (SPS), is a neurological disorder characterized by a lack of myelin, the protective fatty layer surrounding nerve fibers. This disease leads to uncoordinated movements and tremors.

The most important facts at a glance

Hypomyelination, also known as Shaking Puppy Syndrome (SPS), is a rare neurological disease in cats characterized by a lack of myelin, a protective fatty sheath of nerve fibers. This deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. impairs nerve conduction and leads to neurological symptoms such as muscle tremors, weakness, and coordination problems. The exact causes are not yet fully understood, but genetic factors play a significant role. Certain genetic mutations that disrupt myelin formation can be inherited, increasing the risk for the disease.

DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is made by observing symptoms, supported by imaging techniques such as MRI and genetic analyses. There is no specific treatment, so therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. focuses on alleviating symptoms through physiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques., nutritional support, and medication. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. varies depending on the severity of the disease; in severe cases, permanent impairment may occur.

PreventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. includes careful selectionSelection refers to the process of natural or artificial selection of specific individuals for reproduction, based on desired genetic traits. In breeding, this is applied to promote specific characteristics in dogs and cats. of parent animals, genetic testing, and a balanced diet for the pregnant cat. Research focuses on identifying genetic markers, possibilities for myelin regeneration, and the role of nutrition in supporting nerve health. These findings could also be relevant for similar human diseases.

Causes

Myelin is a crucial component of the nervous system, as it insulates nerve fibers and enables the rapid transmission of nerve signals. In hypomyelination, myelin formation is disrupted, which impairs nerve conduction. Without sufficient myelin, signals cannot be efficiently transmitted along nerve fibers, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms.

The exact causes of hypomyelination in cats are not yet fully understood. However, it is assumed that genetic factors play a significant role. Some cat breeds may have a genetic predispositionA predisposition is an innate inclination or susceptibility of an organism to certain diseases or conditions. In dogs and cats, there may be a genetic predisposition to certain conditions such as hip dysplasia or certain heart diseases. that impairs myelin formation. In addition, environmental factors such as infections or nutritional deficiencies during the mother cat’s pregnancy could contribute to the development of the disease.

Researchers have found that certain genetic mutations affecting myelin synthesis could be responsible for the development of SPS. These mutations can be inherited, suggesting that cats descended from affected parents have a higher risk of developing the disease.

Symptoms

Very common symptoms:

Common symptoms:

Cats suffering from hypomyelination often show symptoms as early as the first few weeks of life. A characteristic sign is trembling, which occurs primarily when the cat tries to move or stand. This trembling is caused by insufficient myelinationMyelination is the process by which nerve fibers are coated with myelin, a fatty substance, which increases the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse transmission. Myelination disorders can lead to neurological diseases in dogs and cats. of the nerves that control the muscles.

In addition to trembling, affected cats may also have difficulty walking and standing. Their movements often appear uncoordinated and shaky. In severe cases, cats may also show signs of weakness or paralysisParalysis is the complete loss of muscle activity in one or more areas of the body, which can lead to immobility and loss of sensation. Paralysis can be caused by injuries, illnesses, or disorders of the nervous system..

Other symptoms can include difficulty eating and drinking, as control over the tongue and swallowing muscles may be impaired. Affected cats often also show reduced growth and delayed development compared to their healthy littermates.

Diagnosis

The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. of hypomyelination is usually based on a clinical examination and observation of characteristic symptoms. An experienced veterinarian can often make a suspected diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. based on the cat’s signs and behavior.

Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body. It is used in veterinary medicine to diagnose diseases of the brain, spine, and other organs. can be used to confirm the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. This shows the degree of myelinationMyelination is the process by which nerve fibers are coated with myelin, a fatty substance, which increases the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse transmission. Myelination disorders can lead to neurological diseases in dogs and cats. in the nervous system and can help rule out other neurological diseases. In special cases, a genetic analysis can also be performed to look for known mutations associated with the disease.

Therapy

There is currently no specific treatment for hypomyelination, and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. focuses mainly on relieving symptoms and supporting the affected cat. PhysiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques. can be helpful in improving muscle strength and coordination and increasing the cat’s quality of life.

Nutritional support can also play a role, especially if the cat has difficulty eating. High-calorie supplements or special diets may be necessary to ensure the cat receives enough nutrients.

In some cases, medications may be prescribed to reduce tremors and improve muscle control. These medications aim to support signal transmission in the nervous system and alleviate symptoms.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for cats with hypomyelination varies depending on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, symptoms may subside over time as the cat’s nervous system adapts or myelinationMyelination is the process by which nerve fibers are coated with myelin, a fatty substance, which increases the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse transmission. Myelination disorders can lead to neurological diseases in dogs and cats. partially progresses.

In more severe cases, however, the disease can lead to permanent neurological impairments that significantly limit the cat’s quality of life. Life expectancy may also be shortened, especially if the cat has difficulty caring for itself or eating.

Support from the veterinarian and specialized therapists is crucial to provide affected cats with the best possible quality of life and help them cope with daily challenges.

Prevention

To reduce the likelihood of hypomyelination, also known as Shaking Puppy SyndromeA syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific disease or condition. A syndrome can be caused by various factors and is often complex in its diagnosis and treatment., in cats, breeders and cat owners should pay attention to the careful selectionSelection refers to the process of natural or artificial selection of specific individuals for reproduction, based on desired genetic traits. In breeding, this is applied to promote specific characteristics in dogs and cats. of parent animals. It is important to recognize and avoid genetic diseases in the breeding line. Therefore, breeding animals should be tested for known genetic markers that could be associated with myelination disorders.

In addition, a balanced diet for the pregnant cat plays a crucial role. A diet rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals can support the neurological health of the offspring. Regular veterinary check-ups during pregnancy help monitor the health of the mother and the unborn kittens and allow for an early response to potential problems.

The kittens’ environment after birth should also be carefully designed. A safe and stress-free environment can promote the well-being of the young animals and reduce the risk of developmental disorders. Social interactions and appropriate play can also provide important impulses for neurological development.

Finally, cat owners should always stay up to date on new research findings and recommendations for the preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of genetic diseases. Consulting with an experienced veterinarian can help develop and implement the best preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. strategies.

Outlook on current research

Hypomyelination, also known as Shaking Puppy Syndrome (SPS), is a rare neurological disease in cats characterized by a lack of myelin, the protective fatty sheath of nerve fibers. This myelin layer is crucial for the efficient transmission of nerve impulses through the nervous system. In cats, this deficiencyDeficiency means a lack or absence of a necessary substance required for normal bodily functions or health, such as vitamins, minerals, or hormones. leads to a variety of neurological symptoms that often become visible in the first few weeks of life. The condition is rarer in cats than in dogs, but research in this area has increased in recent years, as understanding myelin diseases in animals can also provide insights into similar human diseases.

Current studies focus on the genetic basis of the disease. Researchers are trying to identify specific genetic markers associated with a susceptibility to hypomyelination. By sequencing the DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It is located in the cells of an organism and contains the information for heredity. of affected cats and their parents, scientists hope to identify the genetic mutations responsible for the development of the disease. This research could lead to the development of genetic tests that allow breeders to minimize the risk of this disease in their lines.

Another important area of research is investigating ways to promote myelin regeneration. Animal models are being used to study how certain drugs or stem cell therapies can support the restoration of the myelin layer. InitialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. results are promising, but more extensive studies are needed before these treatments can be considered safe and effective for cats. Such therapies could be applied not only to animals but also to humans with similar neurological diseases.

There are also research projects looking into the role of nutrition in supporting nerve health. Certain nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, are known for their role in supporting myelin formation. Studies on how targeted nutritional supplementationSupplementation is the addition of nutrients, vitamins, or other substances to a normal diet to compensate for deficiencies or to support general health and well-being. In dogs and cats, supplementation may vary depending on their health condition and nutritional needs. can help cats with hypomyelination are underway. Such dietary approaches could play a complementary role in treatment and improve the well-being of affected animals.

Finally, scientists are investigating the possibility of identifying environmental factors that could contribute to the development of hypomyelination. This includes researching factors such as environmental toxins or infectiousInfectious describes the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted from one individual to another and trigger an infection. It also refers to diseases caused by such pathogens. diseases that could impair myelin formation. A better understanding of these factors could lead to preventive measures that reduce the risk of the disease in vulnerable populations.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is hypomyelination in cats? Hypomyelination in cats is a neurological condition in which the myelin sheathThe myelin sheath is a fatty layer that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers. It enables rapid transmission of electrical signals along the nervous system. Damage to the myelin sheath can lead to neurological disorders. of the nerve fibers is insufficiently developed. This layer is crucial for the fast and efficient transmission of nerve impulses. The lack of myelin can lead to a range of symptoms, including tremors, movement disorders, and weakness.
What symptoms does a cat with hypomyelination show? Cats with hypomyelination often show symptoms such as tremors, especially in the first few weeks of life, coordination problems, weakness, and sometimes behavioral changes. Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the myelin underdevelopment.
How is hypomyelination diagnosed? DiagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging techniques such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and, if necessary, genetic testing. MRI can help visualize the extent of myelin underdevelopment in the nervous system.
Is there a cure for hypomyelination in cats? There is currently no cure for hypomyelination, but research is ongoing to develop potential treatment options. Treatment currently focuses on alleviating symptoms and supporting the quality of life of affected cats.
Can all cat breeds be affected by hypomyelination? While theoretically all cat breeds can be affected, certain lines or breeds appear to be more susceptible due to genetic predispositions. However, the exact genetic factors leading to higher susceptibility are still the subject of research.
How is the quality of life of an affected cat improved? Quality of life can be improved through symptomatic treatments such as physiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques., medications to control spasms or tremors, and an adapted diet. Regular veterinary care and an adapted environment can also help increase quality of life.
Is hypomyelination painful in cats? Hypomyelination itself is not necessarily painful, but symptoms such as tremors and movement disorders can lead to discomfort. Appropriate care and treatment can help minimize discomfort.
Can affected cats lead a normal life? With the right care & support, many cats with hypomyelination can lead relatively normal and fulfilling lives. However, the severity of symptoms varies from case to case, meaning some cats may require more support than others.
What role do breeders play in the preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of hypomyelination? Breeders can play an important role in preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. by using genetic tests to identify carriers of risk genes and avoiding the breeding of such animals. Responsible breeding practices can help minimize the occurrence of this disease.
Are there supporting organizations or groups for owners of affected cats? There are various organizations and online communities that provide support and information for owners of cats with neurological conditions. Exchanging experiences with other owners can provide valuable support and advice.