{"id":33315,"date":"2024-07-02T14:56:46","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T12:56:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/diseases-and-disorders\/"},"modified":"2026-09-17T17:44:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T15:44:28","slug":"diseases-and-disorders","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/","title":{"rendered":"Diseases &#8211; General Information"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"33315\" class=\"elementor elementor-33315 elementor-20659\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-97103cb elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"97103cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ff836e\" data-id=\"0ff836e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c74bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"20c74bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/\">Startseite<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc5c530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc5c530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diseases - General Information<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb475c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb475c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Use PetsVetCheck to maintain the health of your dogs and cats!<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83ac6d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"83ac6d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f9103e\" data-id=\"1f9103e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-842ff56 elementor-toc--minimized-on-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"842ff56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContent\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__842ff56\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__842ff56\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__842ff56\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-59210b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"59210b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe959c6\" data-id=\"fe959c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b634678 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b634678\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-83b6a75\" data-id=\"83b6a75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efef022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efef022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diseases in Dogs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cee9136 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"cee9136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/dog\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Diseases from A-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c681953\" data-id=\"c681953\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d7e2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51d7e2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diseases in Cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e097d5 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"3e097d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/cat\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Diseases from A-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab2cad7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab2cad7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9001b1e\" data-id=\"9001b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdefcab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cdefcab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Emergencies \/ First Aid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-924a3f9 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"924a3f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/emergencies\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Emergencies and First Aid from A-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d774d51\" data-id=\"d774d51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b893e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b893e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poisoning \/ First aid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5f616 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"0e5f616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/poisonings\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">General Information<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/poisonings\/poisoning-from-a-z\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Poisoning from A-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c186653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c186653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What exactly are diseases? Is my pet ill? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118ba40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"118ba40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disorders of bodily function, often associated with malaise and reduced performance, are referred to as diseases.<\/p><p>Each disease is characterized by certain signs of illness (symptoms) that can be used to identify the disease. Not all symptoms are easy to recognize or visible. Sometimes special examinations are required to detect them.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a71dc7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a71dc7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Which diseases are particularly common in dogs and cats?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1cbd2d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1cbd2d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c9f687\" data-id=\"5c9f687\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff85a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ff85a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #003366\"><strong>What are the most common diseases in dogs?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul><li><strong><span style=\"color: #003366\">Dental diseases:<\/span> <\/strong>Up to <strong>80%<\/strong> of dogs older than three years show signs of dental diseases such as Tartar (calculus), gingivitis, or periodontitis.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Ear infection: <\/strong>Approximately <strong>20%<\/strong> of dogs suffer from ear infections (otitis externa) at least once in their lives.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Skin diseases: <\/strong>Skin allergies are estimated to affect <strong>10\u201315%<\/strong> of all dogs. Atopic dermatitis is particularly common. Skin infections such as bacterial dermatitis affect an estimated <strong>5\u201310%<\/strong> of all dogs.  <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Gastrointestinal problems: <\/strong>Vomiting is a common symptom, affecting approximately <strong>15%<\/strong> of dogs annually. Approximately <strong>10%<\/strong> of veterinary visits for dogs are due to Diarrhea or other intestinal problems. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Non-cancerous skin mass:<\/strong> Benign skin tumors occur in about <strong>10%<\/strong> of all dogs. Older animals are particularly affected. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Inflammation\/infection of the anal glands: <\/strong>Problems with the anal glands occur in approximately <strong>12%<\/strong> of dogs.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Arthritis: <\/strong>Osteoarthritis affects an estimated <strong>20%<\/strong> of dogs older than one year. The frequency of these diseases increases with age. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Cystitis: <\/strong>Urinary tract infections, including Cystitis, occur in approximately <strong>14%<\/strong> of all dogs at least once in their lifetime.<\/li><\/ul><h3> <\/h3><h3><span style=\"color: #003366\"><strong>What are the most common diseases in cats?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul><li><strong>Dental diseases (tooth infection, caries, abscess): <\/strong>Up to <strong>70%<\/strong> of cats over three years show signs of dental diseases. Tartar (calculus), gingivitis, and FORL (<strong>F<\/strong>eline <strong>O<\/strong>dontoclastic <strong>R<\/strong>esorptive <strong>L<\/strong>esions) dental diseases cause Pain and can significantly impair general well-being. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Obesity in cats: <\/strong>It is estimated that between 25% and 40% of all domestic cats are overweight or obese. Obesity in cats is a serious problem that can significantly impair the health and well-being of animals. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Skin diseases: <\/strong>Approximately <strong>5\u201310%<\/strong> of cats show skin diseases, with allergic skin reactions accounting for approximately 5%. Allergies to fleas, food, or environmental substances lead to Itching, skin redness, Hair loss, and secondary infections. <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Gastrointestinal problems: <\/strong>Stomach problems with Vomiting affect about <strong>10%<\/strong> of cats annually. Causes can be hairballs, Feed intolerances, infections, or serious conditions such as liver or pancreas problems. Approximately <strong>5\u201310%<\/strong> of cats occasionally suffer from Diarrhea or other intestinal problems. Causes range from changes in diet to parasite infestations to Inflammatory conditions.   <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Heart diseases: <\/strong>Approximately 6\u20137% of all cats suffer from some form of heart disease. Presumably, it is significantly more (<strong>10\u201315%<\/strong> of all cats), as many cases go undetected. Symptoms often appear only in advanced stages. This shows how important it is to check heart function before <a title=\"Surgery in Dogs or Cats: Procedure, Risks and Aftercare\" href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/ratgeber\/operation-bei-hund-oder-katze-ablauf-risiken-und-nachsorge\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"451\">general anesthesia<\/a>.   <\/li><\/ul><h3> <\/h3><h3><span style=\"color: #003366\"><strong>What are the most common diseases in older cats?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul><li><strong>Chronic kidney diseases and urinary tract diseases: <\/strong>Approximately <strong>10%<\/strong> of cats over seven years are affected, with the frequency of occurrence increasing with age. A progressive loss of kidney function leads to symptoms such as increased thirst and increased urination, Weight loss, loss of appetite, and lethargy. Approximately <strong>5\u20138%<\/strong> of cats develop urinary tract diseases in the course of their lives. Diseases such as urinary stones, Urinary tract infection, or idiopathic (Cystitis of unclear cause). Cystitis leads to Pain during urination, frequent Urinary urgency, and can become life-threatening if left untreated.    <\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism): <\/strong>Affects approximately <strong>10%<\/strong> of cats over the age of ten. The overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to Weight loss despite increased appetite, as well as to hyperactivity, increased thirst, and possibly to heart problems. <\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The frequencies stated are estimates and may vary depending on the study, region, and specific cat population. For accurate epidemiological data, it is advisable to consult current veterinary specialist literature. Regular preventive check-ups at the veterinarian are important in order to detect and treat these diseases at an early stage.  <\/p><p><strong>We should keep a particularly close eye on these diseases.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cfc5c16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cfc5c16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1494e0a\" data-id=\"1494e0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5418c11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5418c11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important diseases of the teeth, oral cavity and\/or jaw in dogs and cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c87f0e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c87f0e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74bf12c\" data-id=\"74bf12c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7cd729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7cd729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problems of the teeth\/oral cavity\/jaw (stomatology) in dogs<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7153ac8\" data-id=\"7153ac8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d411a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65d411a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problems of the teeth\/oral cavity\/jaw (stomatology) in cats<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c62b566 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c62b566\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c106557\" data-id=\"c106557\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f029bfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f029bfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important diseases of the larynx, nose and\/or ears in dogs and cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8227dd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8227dd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In diseases of the ear, different regions that may be affected are distinguished. These are: <\/p><ul><li>the outer ear (the pinna),<\/li><li>the external ear canal,<\/li><li>the middle ear and<\/li><li>the inner ear.<\/li><\/ul><p>Possible causes of diseases include:<\/p><ul><li>infection with bacteria or fungi,<\/li><li>an infestation with parasites (ear mites),<\/li><li>foreign bodies in the external ear canal,<\/li><li>injuries and<\/li><li>Tumors<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c77a038 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c77a038\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c23bb30\" data-id=\"c23bb30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c4bccb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c4bccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most common diseases of the larynx\/nose\/ears (ENT (ear, nose, and throat)) in dogs are:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-efc936f\" data-id=\"efc936f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4edf7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4edf7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most common diseases of the larynx\/nose\/ears (ENT (ear, nose, and throat)) in cats are:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56a642d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56a642d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f63a5c3\" data-id=\"f63a5c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ebf0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3ebf0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important skin diseases, or diseases with significant involvement of the skin, in dogs and cats are:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e66389a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e66389a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f24c9d\" data-id=\"3f24c9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8757e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d8757e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skin Problems in Dogs<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d033a58\" data-id=\"d033a58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea52f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea52f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skin Problems in Cats<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d77a10a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d77a10a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f7c724\" data-id=\"5f7c724\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7795f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7795f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and\/or liver in dogs and cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd16635 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dd16635\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b807fc\" data-id=\"3b807fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea90881 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea90881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and\/or liver (gastroenterology\/hepatology) in dogs<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c53f57d\" data-id=\"c53f57d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd2ac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cd2ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and\/or liver (gastroenterology\/hepatology) in cats<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8060000 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8060000\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d419885\" data-id=\"d419885\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07a568c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07a568c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important diseases of the kidney and\/or urinary tract in dogs and cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8cdc0a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8cdc0a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32cce2e\" data-id=\"32cce2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25223f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25223f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important diseases of the kidney and\/or urinary tract (urology) in dogs<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8be616\" data-id=\"c8be616\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345dab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"345dab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The most important diseases of the kidney and\/or urinary tract (urology) in cats<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0083873 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0083873\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-49ef67d\" data-id=\"49ef67d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3404567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3404567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Important laboratory values for hematology and clinical chemistry and their interpretation in dogs and cats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-368c3cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"368c3cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6956e7e\" data-id=\"6956e7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5b83a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5b83a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Normal ranges<\/strong> (reference values) of blood values can fluctuate without health problems being responsible for this. Causes for these fluctuations can be in particular: age, breed, pregnancy, time of day, last food intake, state of excitement and examination methods (reference values of the laboratory &#8220;Synlab&#8221;). <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b380ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6b380ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c48cba\" data-id=\"7c48cba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b7e8cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b7e8cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/ratgeber-vet-hund-und-katze\/laborwerte\">Reference values for hematology and clinical chemistry for dogs and cats<br \/>What is normal?<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f62e63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f62e63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-259894e\" data-id=\"259894e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41f06d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41f06d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hematology Dog<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ebc4a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ebc4a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>leukocytes<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>neutrophils \/\u00b5l 2500\u20138100<\/li><li>lymphocytes \/\u00b5l 1000\u20133900<\/li><li>Monocytes \/\u00b5l &lt; 600<\/li><li>eosinophilic granulocytes \/\u00b5l &lt; 1100<\/li><li>Basophilic granulocytes \/\u00b5l &lt; 20<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>erythrocytes T\/l 5.9-8.5<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>hemoglobin g\/l 142\u2013202<\/li><li>hematocrit l\/l 0.45-0.64<\/li><li>MCV fl 67.5-81.9<\/li><li>MCH (HBE) pg 22.4-25.8<\/li><li>MCHC g\/dl 29.5-35.8<\/li><li>Reticulocytes G\/l &lt; 121<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>thrombocyte \/ platelet G\/l 110\u2013580<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3510223\" data-id=\"3510223\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-243bf60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"243bf60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clinical Chemistry Dog<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf60587 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf60587\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b61a4c\" data-id=\"6b61a4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6361520 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6361520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Liver<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>alkaline phosphatase (AP) U\/l &lt; 128<\/li><li>AST (GOT) U\/l &lt; 62<\/li><li>ALT (GPT) U\/l &lt; 118<\/li><li>gamma-GT U\/l &lt; 11<\/li><li>GLDH U\/l &lt; 10.5<\/li><li>total bilirubin \u00b5mol\/l &lt; 5.1<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>pancreas  <\/strong><\/p><ul><li>amylase U\/l 314\u20131142<\/li><li>DGGR lipase U\/l &lt; 127<\/li><li>Musculature CK U\/l &lt; 338<\/li><li>LDH U\/I &lt; 497<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> Lipid metabolism <\/strong><\/p><ul><li>cholesterol mmol\/l 4.3-10.5<\/li><li>Triglycerides mmol\/l 0.4-2.8<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> Kidney <\/strong><\/p><ul><li>creatinine \u00b5mol\/l &lt; 141<\/li><li>Urea mmol\/l 4.3-9.4<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8993923\" data-id=\"8993923\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e5f6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73e5f6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;background-color: var( --e-global-color-d491a54 );color: var( --e-global-color-primary )\">electrolytes<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>sodium mmol\/l 144\u2013152<\/li><li>potassium mmol\/l 4.3-5.7<\/li><li>Na\/K ratio mmol\/l 26\u201335<\/li><li>Calcium mmol\/l 2.44-2.82<\/li><li>magnesium mmol\/l 0.77-1.09<\/li><li>chloride mmol\/l 106\u2013117<\/li><li>Phosphate mmol\/l 0.82-2.0<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> Carbohydrate metabolism<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>glucose mmol\/l 3.9-6.7 3.9-6.7<\/li><li>fructosamine \u00b5mol\/l 166\u2013318<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> Protein metabolism<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>albumin g\/l 28.1-39.4<\/li><li>Globulin g\/l 25.7-42.2<\/li><li>total protein g\/l 56.8-76.2<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Thyroid<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>T4 nmol\/l 12.2-46.4<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-49bcaa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"49bcaa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f6f1422\" data-id=\"f6f1422\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80f2c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"80f2c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hematology Cat<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20a4c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20a4c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>leukocytes<\/strong> G\/l 3.9-12.5<\/p><ul><li>neutrophils \/\u00b5l 1500\u20139400<\/li><li>lymphocytes \/\u00b5l 1000\u20134900<\/li><li>Monocytes \/\u00b5l &lt; 600<\/li><li>eosinophilic granulocytes \/\u00b5l &lt; 1300<\/li><li>Basophilic granulocytes \/&lt; 40<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>erythrocytes T\/l 7.2-11.0<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>hemoglobin g\/l 108\u2013169<\/li><li>hematocrit l\/l 0.36-0.56<\/li><li>MCV fl 42\u201357<\/li><li>MCH (HBE) pg 13\u201317<\/li><li>MCHC g\/dl 29\u201335<\/li><li>Reticulocytes G\/l &lt; 57<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>thrombocyte \/ platelet<\/strong> G\/l 127\u2013427<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1bfd5c\" data-id=\"b1bfd5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd530e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd530e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clinical Chemistry Cat<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2fea76f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2fea76f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fbad78e\" data-id=\"fbad78e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6322c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6322c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Liver  <\/strong><\/p><ul><li>alkaline phosphatase (AP) U\/l &lt; 66<\/li><li>AST (GOT) U\/l &lt; 47<\/li><li>ALT (GPT) U\/l &lt; 102<\/li><li>gamma-GT U\/l &lt; 5<\/li><li>GLDH U\/l &lt; 9.2<\/li><li>total bilirubin \u00b5mol\/l &lt; 4.1<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>pancreas  <\/strong><\/p><ul><li>DGGR lipase U\/l &lt; 27<\/li><li>Musculature CK U\/l &lt; 272<\/li><li>LDH U\/I &lt; 606<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Kidney<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>creatinine \u00b5mol\/l 60\u2013166<\/li><li>Urea mmol\/l 6.8-13.4<\/li><li>electrolytes sodium mmol\/l 150\u2013157<\/li><li>potassium mmol\/l 3.9-5.4<\/li><li>Calcium mmol\/l 2.24-2.83<\/li><li>magnesium mmol\/l 0.85-1.21<\/li><li>chloride mmol\/l 112\u2013123<\/li><li>Phosphate mmol\/l 0.77-1.81 1.09-2.06<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b08dff6\" data-id=\"b08dff6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a14af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91a14af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 16px;background-color: var( --e-global-color-d491a54 );color: var( --e-global-color-primary )\">Carbohydrate metabolism<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>glucose mmol\/l 3.9-8.3<\/li><li>fructosamine \u00b5mol\/l 146\u2013306<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> Protein metabolism<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>albumin g\/l 27.9-40.7<\/li><li>Globulin g\/l 32.4-58.1<\/li><li>Albumin\/Globulin ratio 0.5-1.0<\/li><li>total protein g\/l 68.0-89.5<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> Thyroid<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>T4 nmol\/l 12.2-46.4<\/li><\/ul><div><p style=\"font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;font-weight: 600\">Lipid metabolis<\/span>m<\/p><ul style=\"font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400\"><li style=\"font-size: 16px\">cholesterol mmol\/l 2.7-9.0<\/li><li style=\"font-size: 16px\">Triglycerides mmol\/l 0.3-1.9<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d223f80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d223f80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8486fa3\" data-id=\"8486fa3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c39172b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c39172b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretations of selected laboratory findings in dogs and cats \u2013 blood values (hematology) and blood chemistry (clinical chemistry)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c46dfa4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c46dfa4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0f29d2\" data-id=\"a0f29d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8942074 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"8942074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">leukocytes (WBC), white blood cells<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\"><h4><strong>leukocytes include cells that are responsible for defending against pathogens and for the immune system.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div id=\"content-warum-werden-die-leukozyten-im-blut-bestimmt\" class=\"collapse d-xl-block\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-warum-werden-die-leukozyten-im-blut-bestimmt\">\n<div class=\"card-collapse-content\">\n<p><strong>The number of <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/leukocytes\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">leukocytes<\/a><\/strong> in the blood provides information about<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>whether enough white blood cells are being produced in the bone marrow and<\/li>\n<li>whether an inflammatory condition or blood disorder could be present.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>leukocytes include various subgroups. <\/strong>These are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Granulocytes, which are responsible for the body&#8217;s defense against <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/bacteria\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">bacteria<\/a> and foreign substances. Granulocytes are further divided into <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/neutrophils\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">neutrophils<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/eosinophilic-granulocytes\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">eosinophilic granulocytes<\/a>, and basophilic granulocytes. <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/lymphocytes\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Lymphocytes<\/a>, which are important for immune defense and contribute to the formation of antibodies.<\/li>\n<li>Monocytes, which are the precursors of so-called phagocytes. They can ingest pathogens and dead cells. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The number of white blood cells is counted and the subgroups are determined in a so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/differential-blood-count\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">differential blood count<\/a> (complete blood count).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Neutrophilic Granulocytes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\"><p>Neutrophilic granulocytes are a subtype of leukocytes (white blood cells) and are part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/immune-system\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">immune system<\/a>. They are essential for defense against <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/infection\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">infection<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/wound-healing\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">wound healing<\/a>. Neutrophilic granulocytes can fight:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Microorganisms<\/li>\n<li>Virus-infected cells<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/tumor\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Tumor<\/a> cells<\/li>\n<li>Other foreign antigens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of neutrophilic granulocytes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bone marrow damage, e.g., due to <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/chemotherapy\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">chemotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/viral\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Viral<\/a> infections (e.g., parvovirus, distemper)<\/li>\n<li>Extremely severe bacterial infections <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/parasitic\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Parasitic<\/a> infestation <\/li>\n<li>Malnutrition (e.g., iron <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/deficiency\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">deficiency<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/vitamin\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">vitamin<\/a> B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency)<\/li>\n<li>Cancers (e.g., various leukemias, tumors)<\/li>\n<li>Bone marrow diseases (e.g., aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome) <\/li>\n<li>Immunodeficiency (e.g., genetically determined or acquired immunodeficiency)<\/li>\n<li>Medications (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased number of neutrophilic granulocytes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/acute\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Acute<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/chronic\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">chronic<\/a> inflammatory conditions<\/li>\n<li>Bacterial infections<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/metabolic\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Metabolic<\/a> disorders (uremia, eclampsia)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/cancer\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Cancer<\/a> (e.g., leukemias)<\/li>\n<li>Chronic obstructive <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/pulmonary\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">pulmonary<\/a> disease (COPD)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/autoimmune-diseases\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Autoimmune diseases<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/stress\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Stress<\/a> and physical strain<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy<\/li>\n<li>Medication (e.g., cortisone treatment, <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/epinephrine\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">epinephrine<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Lymphocytes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\"><p>Lymphocytes are among the leukocytes (white blood cells) and are part of the immune system. They can provide valuable information about the function of the immune system. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Lymphocytes are examined when there is suspicion of:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/recurrent\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Recurrent<\/a> infections<\/li>\n<li>Allergies<\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\/li>\n<li>Lymphocytosis or lymphopenia<\/li>\n<li>During <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/radiation-therapy-2\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">radiation therapy<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Infections with fungi or parasites<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of lymphocyte counts that are too low:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion__block expanded\">\n<div id=\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5\" class=\"accordion__block__answer\" aria-labelledby=\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5-label\" data-role=\"faq-answer\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/congenital\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Congenital<\/a> immune defects<\/li>\n<li>Acquired immune defects<\/li>\n<li>Aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/syndrome\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Radiation <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/therapy\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">therapy<\/a>, chemotherapy, and cortisone therapy<\/li>\n<li>Medications (immunosuppressants, cytostatic agents, <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/steroids\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">steroids<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Chronic liver diseases (e.g., liver cirrhosis, hepatitis)<\/li>\n<li>Burns<\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus)<\/li>\n<li>Cushing syndrome<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/kidney-failure\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Kidney failure<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Iron deficiency anemia<\/li>\n<li>Viral infections (parvovirus, distemper)<\/li>\n<li>Stress and heavy physical strain<\/li>\n<li>Leukemias and tumors<\/li>\n<li>Pneumonia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of lymphocyte counts that are too high:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Viral infections<\/li>\n<li>Chronic bacterial infections (e.g., borreliosis, ehrlichiosis)<\/li>\n<li>Fungal infections<\/li>\n<li>Cancer (e.g., lymphomas and leukemia)<\/li>\n<li>Allergies<\/li>\n<li>Atopies (e.g., atopic dermatitis)<\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus)<\/li>\n<li>Sarcoidosis<\/li>\n<li>Rheumatoid <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/arthritis\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">arthritis<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n<li>Stress<\/li>\n<li>Severe physical exertion<\/li>\n<li>Medications (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/corticosteroids\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">corticosteroids<\/a>, immunosuppressants)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Monocytes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\"><div class=\"accordion__block expanded\">\n<div id=\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5\" class=\"accordion__block__answer\" aria-labelledby=\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5-label\" data-role=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>Monocytes are a subgroup of leukocytes (white blood cells) that play an important role in the immune system. Like all blood cells, they are produced in the bone marrow and then released into the bloodstream. After a few days, they move into the tissue and mature there.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased number of monocytes are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacterial infections (e.g., ehrlichiosis or Rocky Mountain spotted fever)<\/li>\n<li>Viral infections<\/li>\n<li>Inflammatory conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/pancreas\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">pancreas<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm disease, Lyme borreliosis) <\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) <\/li>\n<li>Types of cancer (e.g., lymphomas, leukemia) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of monocytes may be:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bone marrow diseases (e.g., aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome) <\/li>\n<li>Medications (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents) <\/li>\n<li>Viral infections: certain ones (e.g., parvovirus, distemper)<\/li>\n<li>Diseases such as chronic renal failure or liver diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Eosinophilic granulocytes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\"><p>Eosinophilic granulocytes are among the leukocytes (white blood cells) and are involved in defense against parasites (especially worms) and viruses. <\/p>\n<p><strong>The number of eosinophilic granulocytes is examined when there is suspicion of:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm disease, <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/intestinal\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">intestinal<\/a> parasites <\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/emergencies\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\/allergische-reaktion-anaphylaxie\/\" title=\"Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1404\">Allergic reaction<\/a>s: <\/li>\n<li>Skin diseases (e.g., eosinophilic granuloma complex)<\/li>\n<li>Cancer (lymphomas)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm disease, intestinal parasites)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/emergencies\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\/allergische-reaktion-anaphylaxie\/\" title=\"Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1407\">Allergic reaction<\/a>s (e.g., to food, pollen, flea bites)<\/li>\n<li>Skin diseases (e.g., eosinophilic granuloma complex)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/respiratory\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Respiratory<\/a> diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  <\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or pemphigus complex) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible symptoms of diseases with <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/eosinophilia\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">eosinophilia<\/a>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fever, weakness<\/li>\n<li>Lethargy<\/li>\n<li>Weight loss<\/li>\n<li>Shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>Reduced resilience<\/li>\n<li>Pale mucous membranes<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/abdominal\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Abdominal<\/a> pain<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/diarrhea\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Itching, <\/li>\n<li>Pustules and papules, hives<\/li>\n<li>Disorientation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of eosinophilic granulocytes are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stress (anxiety, fear, pain)<\/li>\n<li>Medications (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/cortisol-2\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">cortisol<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Bacterial infections (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/sepsis\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">sepsis<\/a>) <\/li>\n<li>Chemotherapy<\/li>\n<li>Cushing\u2019s disease (high <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/cortisol\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">cortisol<\/a> production) <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Basophilic Granulocytes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\"><p>Basophilic granulocytes are among the white blood cells that are important for the immune system. They are important for fighting parasites and in connection with allergic reactions, as they can release substances (histamines). <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased number of basophilic granulocytes are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Types of cancer (e.g., mast cell tumors)<\/li>\n<li>Parasitic infections<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the bone marrow (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/emergencies\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\/allergische-reaktion-anaphylaxie\/\" title=\"Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1405\">Allergic reaction<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., juvenile <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/idiopathic\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">idiopathic<\/a> arthritis)<\/li>\n<li>Polycythaemia vera (PV)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/dog\/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid\/\" title=\"Hypothyroidism in dogs (underactive thyroid)\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1523\">Hypothyroidism<\/a> (hypothyroidism)<\/li>\n<li>Chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of basophilic granulocytes are: <\/strong> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>At the beginning of an infection<\/li>\n<li>Physical strain and stress<\/li>\n<li>Damaged bone marrow<\/li>\n<li>Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)<\/li>\n<li>Rheumatoid arthritis<\/li>\n<li>Medications<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1437\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1437\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Erythrocytes <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1437\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1437\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/erythrocytes\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Erythrocytes<\/a> (red blood cells) transport oxygen in the blood from the lungs to all tissues and cells of the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Erythrocytes are the most common cells in the blood and contain the blood pigment <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/hemoglobin\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">hemoglobin<\/a>. The formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) takes place mainly in the bone marrow. After an average of three months, the red blood cells are broken down in the spleen and liver. A high RBC count is called erythrocytosis. It is relatively rare in dogs and cats.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible symptoms of anemia are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lethargy<\/li>\n<li>Weakness<\/li>\n<li>Hair loss<\/li>\n<li>Abdominal pain<\/li>\n<li>Vomiting<\/li>\n<li>Jaundice (<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/icterus-jaundice\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">icterus \/ jaundice<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high RBC count are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/dehydration\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Dehydration<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Heart or lung disease<\/li>\n<li>Cancer (e.g., leukemia) <\/li>\n<li>Living at high altitudes, as the body tries to compensate for the reduced amount of oxygen at these altitudes by increasing the RBC count.<\/li>\n<li>Hormonal disorders<\/li>\n<li>Specific tumors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low RBC count are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic inflammatory conditions<\/li>\n<li>Bleeding <\/li>\n<li>Parasites<\/li>\n<li>Medications (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/non-steroidal\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">non-steroidal<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/anti-inflammatory-drug\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">anti-inflammatory drug<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Nutrient deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency) <\/li>\n<li>Diseases (e.g., cancer, kidney diseases, autoimmune diseases) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bone marrow diseases (types of cancer) <\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1438\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1438\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Hemoglobin Hb<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1438\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1438\"><p>Hemoglobin is the red blood pigment in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) that binds oxygen and transports it in the bloodstream. The values are subject to significant fluctuations depending on age and sex. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of<\/strong> <strong>decreased hemoglobin levels<\/strong> are:<\/p>\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anemia<\/li>\n<li>Blood loss<\/li>\n<li>Iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Increased erythrocyte breakdown (<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/hemolysis\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">hemolysis<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy<\/li>\n<li>Excess water in the body (hyperhydration)<\/li>\n<li>Inflammatory Bowl Disease (IBD)<\/li>\n<li>Kidney diseases<\/li>\n<li>Hemoglobinopathies (congenital diseases such as \u03b1- and \u03b2-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"ursachen-f%C3%BCr-hohe-h%C3%A4moglobinwerte\" class=\"h2\"><strong>Possible causes of high hemoglobin levels<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lack of water in the body (dehydration)<\/li>\n<li>A specific form of blood cancer (polycythaemia vera, PV)<\/li>\n<li>Hormone-producing renal cell carcinomas<\/li>\n<li>The drug <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/erythropoietin\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">erythropoietin<\/a> (EPO)<\/li>\n<li>Prolonged stay at higher altitudes<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/polycythemia\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Polycythemia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1439\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1439\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Hematocrit Hk<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1439\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1439\"><p>Hematocrit indicates the ratio between liquid and solid components in the blood. The liquid component of the blood is called <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/blood-plasma\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">blood plasma<\/a> or just <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/plasma\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">plasma<\/a>. The solid components of the blood are the blood cells. The red blood cells, the erythrocytes, make up about 99% of the blood cells.   <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/hematocrit\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Hematocrit<\/a> also indicates how thin or thick the blood is. A high proportion of blood cells, i.e., a high hematocrit, makes the blood more viscous, while a low proportion of blood cells and, consequently, a low hematocrit makes the blood less viscous. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Indications of a decreased hematocrit include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pale mucous membranes<\/li>\n<li>Weakness<\/li>\n<li>Lethargy<\/li>\n<li>Respiratory distress and shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>Cold extremities (ears, legs)<\/li>\n<li>Irregular heartbeat<\/li>\n<li>Water retention (edema)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Indications of an increased hematocrit:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reddened skin<\/li>\n<li>Gait instability<\/li>\n<li>Confusion<\/li>\n<li>Increased heart rate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased hematocrit:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anemia, e.g., due to\n<ul>\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Folic acid deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Internal bleeding<\/li>\n<li>Leukemia<\/li>\n<li>Kidney diseases<\/li>\n<li>Hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells)<\/li>\n<li>Hereditary diseases<\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hyperhydration, overhydration (e.g., due to excessive infusions)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"ursachen-h%C3%A4matokrit-zu-hoch\" class=\"h2\"><strong>Possible causes of an increased hematocrit:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<div class=\"node-content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Polycythemia, excessive production of red blood cells (e.g., lung diseases, leukemia, hormonal disorders)<\/li>\n<li>Dehydration (fluid deficiency)<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen deficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14310\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14310\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14310\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14310\"><p>Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a blood parameter that indicates the average volume of red blood cells. MCV is an important component of a complete blood count. It provides valuable information about red blood cell health and can help identify the causes of anemia.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV)<\/strong> in dogs and cats, i.e., macrocytic anemia, are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Folic acid deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Liver disease<\/li>\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\/li>\n<li>Certain medications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV)<\/strong> in dogs and cats, i.e., microcytic anemia, are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease<\/li>\n<li>Blood loss due to injuries, surgeries, or parasitic infections<\/li>\n<li>Deficiencies such as copper, zinc, and vitamin B6 deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Certain hereditary diseases such as thalassemia and impaired formation of the blood pigment hemoglobin (hemoglobinopathies)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14311\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14311\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14311\"><p>Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) indicates the hemoglobin content of the red blood cells (erythrocytes), i.e., the average hemoglobin content of a single erythrocyte.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low MCH:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Iron deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Copper deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin B6 deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Anemia in chronic inflammatory conditions<\/li>\n<li>Tumor anemia<\/li>\n<li>Aplastic anemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an excessively high MCH:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Folic acid deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n<li>Leukemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14312\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14312\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14312\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14312\"><p>MCHC stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, a <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/blood-test\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">blood test<\/a> parameter that measures the hemoglobin concentration in an average red blood cell (RBC). MCHC is an important component of a complete blood count. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low MCHC:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypochromic anemias (e.g., iron deficiency, thalassemia, copper deficiency)<\/li>\n<li>Disorders of iron utilization<\/li>\n<li>Myelodysplastic Syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high MCHC:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intravascular hemolysis (premature breakdown of red blood cells in the circulatory system)<\/li>\n<li>Hereditary spherocytosis (spherocytic anemia) in dogs<\/li>\n<li>Infusion of lipid emulsions<\/li>\n<li>Extreme hypertriglyceridemia<\/li>\n<li>Cold agglutinin syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14313\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14313\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reticulocytes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14313\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14313\"><p>Newly formed, not yet fully mature erythrocytes are called reticulocytes. The reticulocyte count indicates the proportion of these immature cells in relation to the total number of red blood cells. The normal value is approximately one percent. Newer devices measure the absolute proportion of reticulocytes in the blood.   <\/p>\n<p>The reticulocyte count is well suited to assess the activity of the bone marrow with regard to the formation of red blood cells. In the event of blood loss or anemia, healthy bone marrow reacts with increased formation and release of reticulocytes. Their determination is therefore well suited for assessing bone marrow function.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high reticulocyte count may be:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Regeneration of acute or chronic blood loss<\/li>\n<li>Regeneration of hemolysis (breakdown of erythrocytes in the circulation)<\/li>\n<li>Bone marrow diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma<\/li>\n<li>Control of anemia therapy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low reticulocyte count are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency (megaloblastic anemia)<\/li>\n<li>Iron deficiency anemia<\/li>\n<li>Aplastic anemia<\/li>\n<li>Renal anemia or kidney failure (erythropoietin deficiency)<\/li>\n<li>Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)<\/li>\n<li>Cytostatic therapy<\/li>\n<li>Radiation therapy<\/li>\n<li>Medications<\/li>\n<li>Panmyelopathy<\/li>\n<li>Hemolytic transfusion reaction<\/li>\n<li>Viral infections (parvovirosis)<\/li>\n<li>Poisoning by bone marrow-damaging substances (benzene) <\/li>\n<li>Chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease or cancer <\/li>\n<li>Chronic blood loss due to <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/gastrointestinal\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">gastrointestinal<\/a> ulcers or parasitic infections <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14314\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"14\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14314\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Platelets PLT<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14314\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"14\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14314\"><p>The platelet count PLT is a blood test parameter that measures the number of <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/platelets\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">platelets<\/a> in a sample. Platelets are small cell fragments that are involved in <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/blood-coagulation\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">blood coagulation<\/a> and play an important role in preventing excessive bleeding. Platelet count values vary depending on age, breed, and sex. The platelet count is an important component of a complete blood count. A low platelet count (<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/thrombocytopenia\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">thrombocytopenia<\/a>) can lead to increased bleeding, while a high platelet count (thrombocytosis) can lead to excessive blood <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/coagulation\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">coagulation<\/a>.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Immune-mediated <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/destruction\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">destruction<\/a> of platelets<\/li>\n<li>Suppression of bone marrow function (bone marrow suppression) e.g., by chemotherapy, radiation therapy)<\/li>\n<li>Infectious diseases such as ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis<\/li>\n<li>Drug reactions<\/li>\n<li>Diseases such as cancer or kidney disease<\/li>\n<li>Acute or chronic blood loss<\/li>\n<li>Medications such as non-steroidal <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/anti-inflammatory-drugs\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">anti-inflammatory drugs<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/nsaids\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">NSAIDs<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased platelet count (thrombocytosis) in dogs and cats are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inflammatory conditions such as infections<\/li>\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\/li>\n<li>Cancer <\/li>\n<li>Bone marrow diseases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/myeloproliferative\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">myeloproliferative<\/a> diseases and leukemia <\/li>\n<li>Iron deficiency anemia <\/li>\n<li>Physical activity or excitement<\/li>\n<li>Medications such as corticosteroids<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14315\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"15\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14315\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14315\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"15\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14315\"><p>The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test parameter that measures how quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle to the bottom of a test tube over a certain period of time. The ESR is a non-specific test, but it provides information about the degree of inflammation in the body. In the meantime, there are more precise, meaningful tests, so the ESR is only rarely measured. Inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer are associated with an increase in the ESR.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in dogs and cats are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inflammatory conditions (e.g., infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer) <\/li>\n<li>Parasitic infections such as heartworm disease and tick-borne diseases<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy <\/li>\n<li>Anemia<\/li>\n<li> Medications such as corticosteroids <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):<\/strong> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Low <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/protein\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">protein<\/a> levels in the blood due to liver disease or malnutrition <\/li>\n<li>Polycythemia (increased number of red blood cells with simultaneously reduced plasma volume) <\/li>\n<li>Heart failure<\/li>\n<li>Hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin levels) e.g., due to liver disease<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14316\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"16\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14316\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">C-reactive Protein CRP<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14316\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"16\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14316\"><p>C-reactive Protein is produced by the liver in response to inflammatory conditions, infections, tissue damage, or other inflammatory disorders. The CRP test is not very specific, but is often used in veterinary medicine to assess the presence and severity of inflammation in dogs and cats. Stress and surgeries are also associated with an increase in CRP.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high C-reactive Protein level (CRP) in dogs and cats are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer<\/li>\n<li>Tissue injury, such as a <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/trauma-2\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">trauma<\/a>, surgery, or pancreatitis<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/obesity\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Obesity<\/a> as a result of an associated chronic inflammation.<\/li>\n<li>Age <\/li>\n<li>Stress <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of low CRP values are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There is no inflammatory condition <\/li>\n<li>Disorders of CRP measurement in hemolysis (breakdown of erythrocytes) or lipemia (high fat content) of the blood sample<\/li>\n<li>The body has not yet reacted to inflammation <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/hypoproteinemia\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">Hypoproteinemia<\/a> (protein deficiency) in liver disease or malnutrition<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-14317\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"17\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14317\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Procalcitonin PCT<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14317\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"17\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14317\"><p>Procalcitonin is a protein that is produced in response to <strong>bacterial infections<\/strong> and inflammatory conditions. PCT values are particularly suitable for the <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/diagnosis\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">diagnosis<\/a>, monitoring of the course, and therapy control of very severe bacterial diseases such as sepsis. Viral, fungal, parasitic infections, or allergies and autoimmune diseases do not lead to an increase in PCT values in the blood and are therefore not detected by this test.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of increased PCT values may be:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacterial infections<\/li>\n<li>Inflammatory conditions such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), inflammations of the <a href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/glossar\/intestine\/\" class=\"glossary-only-link\">intestine<\/a>, and traumas such as surgeries and injuries<\/li>\n<li>Medications such as corticosteroids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>PCT is a relatively new blood test parameter and is still relatively rarely used routinely in veterinary medicine.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a rapid drop in an initially elevated PCT value: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antibiotic therapy<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"leukocytes (WBC), white blood cells\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<h4><strong>leukocytes include cells that are responsible for defending against pathogens and for the immune system.<\\\/strong><\\\/h4>\\n<div id=\\\"content-warum-werden-die-leukozyten-im-blut-bestimmt\\\" class=\\\"collapse d-xl-block\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"heading-warum-werden-die-leukozyten-im-blut-bestimmt\\\">\\n<div class=\\\"card-collapse-content\\\">\\n<p><strong>The number of leukocytes<\\\/strong> in the blood provides information about<\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>whether enough white blood cells are being produced in the bone marrow and<\\\/li>\\n<li>whether an inflammatory condition or blood disorder could be present.<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>leukocytes include various subgroups. <\\\/strong>These are:<\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Granulocytes, which are responsible for the body&#8217;s defense against bacteria and foreign substances. Granulocytes are further divided into neutrophils, eosinophilic granulocytes, and basophilic granulocytes. <\\\/li>\\n<li>Lymphocytes, which are important for immune defense and contribute to the formation of antibodies.<\\\/li>\\n<li>Monocytes, which are the precursors of so-called phagocytes. They can ingest pathogens and dead cells. <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p>The number of white blood cells is counted and the subgroups are determined in a so-called differential blood count (complete blood count).<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Neutrophilic Granulocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Neutrophilic granulocytes are a subtype of leukocytes (white blood cells) and are part of the immune system. They are essential for defense against infection and wound healing. Neutrophilic granulocytes can fight:  <\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Microorganisms<\\\/li>\\n<li>Virus-infected cells<\\\/li>\\n<li>Tumor cells<\\\/li>\\n<li>Other foreign antigens<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of neutrophilic granulocytes:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Bone marrow damage, e.g., due to chemotherapy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Viral infections (e.g., parvovirus, distemper)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Extremely severe bacterial infections <\\\/li>\\n<li>Parasitic infestation <\\\/li>\\n<li>Malnutrition (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cancers (e.g., various leukemias, tumors)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Bone marrow diseases (e.g., aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Immunodeficiency (e.g., genetically determined or acquired immunodeficiency)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants) <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased number of neutrophilic granulocytes:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Acute and chronic inflammatory conditions<\\\/li>\\n<li>Bacterial infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Metabolic disorders (uremia, eclampsia)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cancer (e.g., leukemias)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Stress and physical strain<\\\/li>\\n<li>Pregnancy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medication (e.g., cortisone treatment, epinephrine)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Lymphocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Lymphocytes are among the leukocytes (white blood cells) and are part of the immune system. They can provide valuable information about the function of the immune system. <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Lymphocytes are examined when there is suspicion of:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Recurrent infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Allergies<\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Lymphocytosis or lymphopenia<\\\/li>\\n<li>During radiation therapy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Infections with fungi or parasites<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of lymphocyte counts that are too low:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<div class=\\\"accordion__block expanded\\\">\\n<div id=\\\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5\\\" class=\\\"accordion__block__answer\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5-label\\\" data-role=\\\"faq-answer\\\">\\n<ul>\\n<li>Congenital immune defects<\\\/li>\\n<li>Acquired immune defects<\\\/li>\\n<li>Aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome<\\\/li>\\n<li>Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and cortisone therapy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications (immunosuppressants, cytostatic agents, steroids)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic liver diseases (e.g., liver cirrhosis, hepatitis)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Burns<\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cushing syndrome<\\\/li>\\n<li>Kidney failure<\\\/li>\\n<li>Iron deficiency anemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Viral infections (parvovirus, distemper)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Stress and heavy physical strain<\\\/li>\\n<li>Leukemias and tumors<\\\/li>\\n<li>Pneumonia<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of lymphocyte counts that are too high:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Viral infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic bacterial infections (e.g., borreliosis, ehrlichiosis)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Fungal infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cancer (e.g., lymphomas and leukemia)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Allergies<\\\/li>\\n<li>Atopies (e.g., atopic dermatitis)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Sarcoidosis<\\\/li>\\n<li>Rheumatoid arthritis<\\\/li>\\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\\\/li>\\n<li>Stress<\\\/li>\\n<li>Severe physical exertion<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications (e.g., corticosteroids, immunosuppressants)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Monocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<div class=\\\"accordion__block expanded\\\">\\n<div id=\\\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5\\\" class=\\\"accordion__block__answer\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5-label\\\" data-role=\\\"faq-answer\\\">\\n<p>Monocytes are a subgroup of leukocytes (white blood cells) that play an important role in the immune system. Like all blood cells, they are produced in the bone marrow and then released into the bloodstream. After a few days, they move into the tissue and mature there.   <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased number of monocytes are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Bacterial infections (e.g., ehrlichiosis or Rocky Mountain spotted fever)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Viral infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Inflammatory conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation of the pancreas)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm disease, Lyme borreliosis) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Types of cancer (e.g., lymphomas, leukemia) <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of monocytes may be:<\\\/strong> <\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Bone marrow diseases (e.g., aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Viral infections: certain ones (e.g., parvovirus, distemper)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Diseases such as chronic renal failure or liver diseases<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Eosinophilic granulocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Eosinophilic granulocytes are among the leukocytes (white blood cells) and are involved in defense against parasites (especially worms) and viruses. <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>The number of eosinophilic granulocytes is examined when there is suspicion of:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm disease, intestinal parasites <\\\/li>\\n<li><a class=\\\"wpil_keyword_link\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/petsvetcheck.de\\\/en\\\/diseases-and-disorders\\\/emergencies\\\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\\\/allergische-reaktion-anaphylaxie\\\/\\\" title=\\\"Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)\\\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\\\"linked\\\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\\\"1404\\\">Allergic reaction<\\\/a>s: <\\\/li>\\n<li>Skin diseases (e.g., eosinophilic granuloma complex)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cancer (lymphomas)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Parasitic infections (e.g., heartworm disease, intestinal parasites)<\\\/li>\\n<li><a class=\\\"wpil_keyword_link\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/petsvetcheck.de\\\/en\\\/diseases-and-disorders\\\/emergencies\\\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\\\/allergische-reaktion-anaphylaxie\\\/\\\" title=\\\"Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)\\\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\\\"linked\\\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\\\"1407\\\">Allergic reaction<\\\/a>s (e.g., to food, pollen, flea bites)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Skin diseases (e.g., eosinophilic granuloma complex)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  <\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or pemphigus complex) <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible symptoms of diseases with eosinophilia:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Fever, weakness<\\\/li>\\n<li>Lethargy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Weight loss<\\\/li>\\n<li>Shortness of breath<\\\/li>\\n<li>Reduced resilience<\\\/li>\\n<li>Pale mucous membranes<\\\/li>\\n<li>Abdominal pain<\\\/li>\\n<li>Diarrhea<\\\/li>\\n<li>Itching, <\\\/li>\\n<li>Pustules and papules, hives<\\\/li>\\n<li>Disorientation<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of eosinophilic granulocytes are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Stress (anxiety, fear, pain)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications (e.g., cortisol)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Bacterial infections (e.g., sepsis) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Chemotherapy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cushing\\u2019s disease (high cortisol production) <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Basophilic Granulocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Basophilic granulocytes are among the white blood cells that are important for the immune system. They are important for fighting parasites and in connection with allergic reactions, as they can release substances (histamines). <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased number of basophilic granulocytes are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Types of cancer (e.g., mast cell tumors)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Parasitic infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Diseases of the bone marrow (e.g., chronic myeloid leukemia)<\\\/li>\\n<li><a class=\\\"wpil_keyword_link\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/petsvetcheck.de\\\/en\\\/diseases-and-disorders\\\/emergencies\\\/emergencies-first-aid-a-z\\\/allergische-reaktion-anaphylaxie\\\/\\\" title=\\\"Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)\\\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\\\"linked\\\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\\\"1405\\\">Allergic reaction<\\\/a><\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases (e.g., juvenile idiopathic arthritis)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Polycythaemia vera (PV)<\\\/li>\\n<li><a class=\\\"wpil_keyword_link\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/petsvetcheck.de\\\/en\\\/diseases-and-disorders\\\/dog\\\/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid\\\/\\\" title=\\\"Hypothyroidism in dogs (underactive thyroid)\\\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\\\"linked\\\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\\\"1523\\\">Hypothyroidism<\\\/a> (hypothyroidism)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased number of basophilic granulocytes are: <\\\/strong> <\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>At the beginning of an infection<\\\/li>\\n<li>Physical strain and stress<\\\/li>\\n<li>Damaged bone marrow<\\\/li>\\n<li>Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Rheumatoid arthritis<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Erythrocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen in the blood from the lungs to all tissues and cells of the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Erythrocytes are the most common cells in the blood and contain the blood pigment hemoglobin. The formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) takes place mainly in the bone marrow. After an average of three months, the red blood cells are broken down in the spleen and liver. A high RBC count is called erythrocytosis. It is relatively rare in dogs and cats.     <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible symptoms of anemia are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Lethargy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Weakness<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hair loss<\\\/li>\\n<li>Abdominal pain<\\\/li>\\n<li>Vomiting<\\\/li>\\n<li>Jaundice (icterus \\\/ jaundice)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high RBC count are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Dehydration<\\\/li>\\n<li>Heart or lung disease<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cancer (e.g., leukemia) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Living at high altitudes, as the body tries to compensate for the reduced amount of oxygen at these altitudes by increasing the RBC count.<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hormonal disorders<\\\/li>\\n<li>Specific tumors<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low RBC count are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Chronic inflammatory conditions<\\\/li>\\n<li>Bleeding <\\\/li>\\n<li>Parasites<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Nutrient deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Diseases (e.g., cancer, kidney diseases, autoimmune diseases) <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p>Bone marrow diseases (types of cancer) <\\\/p>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Hemoglobin Hb\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Hemoglobin is the red blood pigment in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) that binds oxygen and transports it in the bloodstream. The values are subject to significant fluctuations depending on age and sex. <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of<\\\/strong> <strong>decreased hemoglobin levels<\\\/strong> are:<\\\/p>\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<ul>\\n<li>Anemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Blood loss<\\\/li>\\n<li>Iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Increased erythrocyte breakdown (hemolysis)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Pregnancy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Excess water in the body (hyperhydration)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Inflammatory Bowl Disease (IBD)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Kidney diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hemoglobinopathies (congenital diseases such as \\u03b1- and \\u03b2-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p id=\\\"ursachen-f%C3%BCr-hohe-h%C3%A4moglobinwerte\\\" class=\\\"h2\\\"><strong>Possible causes of high hemoglobin levels<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<ul>\\n<li>Lack of water in the body (dehydration)<\\\/li>\\n<li>A specific form of blood cancer (polycythaemia vera, PV)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hormone-producing renal cell carcinomas<\\\/li>\\n<li>The drug erythropoietin (EPO)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Prolonged stay at higher altitudes<\\\/li>\\n<li>Polycythemia<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Hematocrit Hk\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Hematocrit indicates the ratio between liquid and solid components in the blood. The liquid component of the blood is called blood plasma or just plasma. The solid components of the blood are the blood cells. The red blood cells, the erythrocytes, make up about 99% of the blood cells.   <\\\/p>\\n<p>Hematocrit also indicates how thin or thick the blood is. A high proportion of blood cells, i.e., a high hematocrit, makes the blood more viscous, while a low proportion of blood cells and, consequently, a low hematocrit makes the blood less viscous. <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Indications of a decreased hematocrit include:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Pale mucous membranes<\\\/li>\\n<li>Weakness<\\\/li>\\n<li>Lethargy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Respiratory distress and shortness of breath<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cold extremities (ears, legs)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Irregular heartbeat<\\\/li>\\n<li>Water retention (edema)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Indications of an increased hematocrit:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Reddened skin<\\\/li>\\n<li>Gait instability<\\\/li>\\n<li>Confusion<\\\/li>\\n<li>Increased heart rate<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased hematocrit:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<ul>\\n<li>Anemia, e.g., due to\\n<ul>\\n<li>Iron deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Folic acid deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Internal bleeding<\\\/li>\\n<li>Leukemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Kidney diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hereditary diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hyperhydration, overhydration (e.g., due to excessive infusions)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p id=\\\"ursachen-h%C3%A4matokrit-zu-hoch\\\" class=\\\"h2\\\"><strong>Possible causes of an increased hematocrit:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<div class=\\\"node-content\\\">\\n<ul>\\n<li>Polycythemia, excessive production of red blood cells (e.g., lung diseases, leukemia, hormonal disorders)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Dehydration (fluid deficiency)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Oxygen deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n<\\\/div>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a blood parameter that indicates the average volume of red blood cells. MCV is an important component of a complete blood count. It provides valuable information about red blood cell health and can help identify the causes of anemia.  <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV)<\\\/strong> in dogs and cats, i.e., macrocytic anemia, are:<\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Folic acid deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Liver disease<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hypothyroidism<\\\/li>\\n<li>Certain medications<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV)<\\\/strong> in dogs and cats, i.e., microcytic anemia, are:<\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Iron deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease<\\\/li>\\n<li>Blood loss due to injuries, surgeries, or parasitic infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Deficiencies such as copper, zinc, and vitamin B6 deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Certain hereditary diseases such as thalassemia and impaired formation of the blood pigment hemoglobin (hemoglobinopathies)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) indicates the hemoglobin content of the red blood cells (erythrocytes), i.e., the average hemoglobin content of a single erythrocyte.<\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low MCH:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Iron deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Copper deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Vitamin B6 deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Anemia in chronic inflammatory conditions<\\\/li>\\n<li>Tumor anemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Aplastic anemia<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an excessively high MCH:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Folic acid deficiency<\\\/li>\\n<li>Dehydration<\\\/li>\\n<li>Leukemia<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>MCHC stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, a blood test parameter that measures the hemoglobin concentration in an average red blood cell (RBC). MCHC is an important component of a complete blood count. <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low MCHC:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Hypochromic anemias (e.g., iron deficiency, thalassemia, copper deficiency)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Disorders of iron utilization<\\\/li>\\n<li>Myelodysplastic Syndrome<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high MCHC:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Intravascular hemolysis (premature breakdown of red blood cells in the circulatory system)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hereditary spherocytosis (spherocytic anemia) in dogs<\\\/li>\\n<li>Infusion of lipid emulsions<\\\/li>\\n<li>Extreme hypertriglyceridemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cold agglutinin syndrome<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Reticulocytes\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Newly formed, not yet fully mature erythrocytes are called reticulocytes. The reticulocyte count indicates the proportion of these immature cells in relation to the total number of red blood cells. The normal value is approximately one percent. Newer devices measure the absolute proportion of reticulocytes in the blood.   <\\\/p>\\n<p>The reticulocyte count is well suited to assess the activity of the bone marrow with regard to the formation of red blood cells. In the event of blood loss or anemia, healthy bone marrow reacts with increased formation and release of reticulocytes. Their determination is therefore well suited for assessing bone marrow function.  <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high reticulocyte count may be:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Regeneration of acute or chronic blood loss<\\\/li>\\n<li>Regeneration of hemolysis (breakdown of erythrocytes in the circulation)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Bone marrow diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma<\\\/li>\\n<li>Control of anemia therapy<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a low reticulocyte count are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency (megaloblastic anemia)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Iron deficiency anemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Aplastic anemia<\\\/li>\\n<li>Renal anemia or kidney failure (erythropoietin deficiency)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cytostatic therapy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Radiation therapy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications<\\\/li>\\n<li>Panmyelopathy<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hemolytic transfusion reaction<\\\/li>\\n<li>Viral infections (parvovirosis)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Poisoning by bone marrow-damaging substances (benzene) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease or cancer <\\\/li>\\n<li>Chronic blood loss due to gastrointestinal ulcers or parasitic infections <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Platelets PLT\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>The platelet count PLT is a blood test parameter that measures the number of platelets in a sample. Platelets are small cell fragments that are involved in blood coagulation and play an important role in preventing excessive bleeding. Platelet count values vary depending on age, breed, and sex. The platelet count is an important component of a complete blood count. A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can lead to increased bleeding, while a high platelet count (thrombocytosis) can lead to excessive blood coagulation.    <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Immune-mediated destruction of platelets<\\\/li>\\n<li>Suppression of bone marrow function (bone marrow suppression) e.g., by chemotherapy, radiation therapy)<\\\/li>\\n<li>Infectious diseases such as ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis<\\\/li>\\n<li>Drug reactions<\\\/li>\\n<li>Diseases such as cancer or kidney disease<\\\/li>\\n<li>Acute or chronic blood loss<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased platelet count (thrombocytosis) in dogs and cats are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Inflammatory conditions such as infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Autoimmune diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Cancer <\\\/li>\\n<li>Bone marrow diseases such as myeloproliferative diseases and leukemia <\\\/li>\\n<li>Iron deficiency anemia <\\\/li>\\n<li>Physical activity or excitement<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications such as corticosteroids<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test parameter that measures how quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle to the bottom of a test tube over a certain period of time. The ESR is a non-specific test, but it provides information about the degree of inflammation in the body. In the meantime, there are more precise, meaningful tests, so the ESR is only rarely measured. Inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer are associated with an increase in the ESR.    <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in dogs and cats are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Inflammatory conditions (e.g., infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Parasitic infections such as heartworm disease and tick-borne diseases<\\\/li>\\n<li>Pregnancy <\\\/li>\\n<li>Anemia<\\\/li>\\n<li> Medications such as corticosteroids <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):<\\\/strong> <\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Low protein levels in the blood due to liver disease or malnutrition <\\\/li>\\n<li>Polycythemia (increased number of red blood cells with simultaneously reduced plasma volume) <\\\/li>\\n<li>Heart failure<\\\/li>\\n<li>Hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin levels) e.g., due to liver disease<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"C-reactive Protein CRP\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>C-reactive Protein is produced by the liver in response to inflammatory conditions, infections, tissue damage, or other inflammatory disorders. The CRP test is not very specific, but is often used in veterinary medicine to assess the presence and severity of inflammation in dogs and cats. Stress and surgeries are also associated with an increase in CRP.  <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a high C-reactive Protein level (CRP) in dogs and cats are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer<\\\/li>\\n<li>Tissue injury, such as a trauma, surgery, or pancreatitis<\\\/li>\\n<li>Obesity as a result of an associated chronic inflammation.<\\\/li>\\n<li>Age <\\\/li>\\n<li>Stress <\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of low CRP values are:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>There is no inflammatory condition <\\\/li>\\n<li>Disorders of CRP measurement in hemolysis (breakdown of erythrocytes) or lipemia (high fat content) of the blood sample<\\\/li>\\n<li>The body has not yet reacted to inflammation <\\\/li>\\n<li>Hypoproteinemia (protein deficiency) in liver disease or malnutrition<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Procalcitonin PCT\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>Procalcitonin is a protein that is produced in response to <strong>bacterial infections<\\\/strong> and inflammatory conditions. PCT values are particularly suitable for the diagnosis, monitoring of the course, and therapy control of very severe bacterial diseases such as sepsis. Viral, fungal, parasitic infections, or allergies and autoimmune diseases do not lead to an increase in PCT values in the blood and are therefore not detected by this test.  <\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of increased PCT values may be:<\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Bacterial infections<\\\/li>\\n<li>Inflammatory conditions such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), inflammations of the intestine, and traumas such as surgeries and injuries<\\\/li>\\n<li>Medications such as corticosteroids<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p>PCT is a relatively new blood test parameter and is still relatively rarely used routinely in veterinary medicine.<\\\/p>\\n<p><strong>Possible causes of a rapid drop in an initially elevated PCT value: <\\\/strong><\\\/p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Antibiotic therapy<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af4fc2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af4fc2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"node-content\"><div class=\"node-content\"> <\/div><\/div><h4> <\/h4><div class=\"accordion__block expanded\"><div id=\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5\" class=\"accordion__block__answer\" aria-labelledby=\"4b11c76e-7f51-4bbf-b116-5db2ca38d7b5-label\" data-role=\"faq-answer\"> <\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diseases &#8211; General Information Use PetsVetCheck to maintain the health of your dogs and cats! Content Diseases in Dogs Diseases from A-Z Diseases in Cats Diseases from A-Z Emergencies \/ First Aid Emergencies and First Aid from A-Z Poisoning \/ First aid General Information Poisoning from A-Z What exactly are diseases? Is my pet ill? [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-33315","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.5 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Diseases and Disorders in Dogs and Cats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We provide information on the most common Diseases in Dogs and Diseases in Cats. These include diseases of the teeth, ears, skin, and gastrointestinal problems.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/petsvetcheck.de\/en\/diseases-and-disorders\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Diseases - General Information\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We provide information on the most common Diseases in Dogs and Diseases in Cats. 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