RED (remains RED) \u2013 especially in cats: dyspnea, cyanosis, brown mucous membranes, facial edema<\/p>
https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/toxicology\/toxicities-from-human-analgesics\/acetaminophen-toxicosis-in-animals | https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/toxicology\/toxicoses-from-human-analgesics\/acetaminophen-toxicosis-in-animals<\/p>","besonderheiten_katze":"Cats are very sensitive; narrow toxic window, rapid progression to acidosis\/renal failure \u2192 antidote is extremely time-critical.","einfuhrung":"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is an active ingredient frequently used in human medicine with pain-relieving (analgesic) and fever-reducing (antipyretic) properties. While it is considered a relatively safe medication for humans, paracetamol poses a significant toxicity risk for dogs and especially for cats. The reason for this lies in species-specific differences in the metabolism of this active ingredient.\n\nIn dogs and cats, certain enzymes necessary for the breakdown of paracetamol are either absent or present in insufficient quantities. This leads to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in the body, which can cause severe organ damage. The liver and red blood cells are particularly affected by the toxic effect.\n\nThe peculiarity in cats lies in a pronounced deficiency of glucuronyltransferase, a key enzyme in paracetamol metabolism. This genetically determined enzyme deficiency makes cats extremely sensitive to paracetamol, so even very small doses can trigger life-threatening poisoning. While the tolerance threshold is somewhat higher in dogs, an overdose can quickly lead to severe health damage in them as well.","wirkungsmechanismus":"Paracetamol has analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, but it is not anti-inflammatory.\n The mechanism of action for the analgesic and antipyretic effects has not been clearly elucidated. The demonstrated inhibition of prostaglandin formation in the brain is considered responsible for the effect.\n The inhibitory effect of fever-inducing substances on the temperature regulation center in the brain also contributes to the observed effect of the substance.\n\nParacetamol poisoning in pets most often occurs due to well-intentioned but incorrect medication administration by pet owners. Owners often administer paracetamol to their animals in the belief that they can relieve Pain or Fever, without being aware of the species-specific toxicity. Self-medication based on information from the Internet or advice from acquaintances is particularly problematic.\n\nAnother common route of poisoning is the accidental ingestion of paracetamol-containing medications by the animals themselves. Insecurely stored tablets or liquids can be ingested by curious animals. Combination preparations in which paracetamol is combined with other active ingredients are particularly dangerous, as these can have additional toxic effects.\n\nThe minimum toxic dose in cats is approximately 10 mg\/kg body weight. This means that even half of a 500 mg tablet can be life-threatening for an average cat. In dogs, the toxic threshold is approximately 50-100 mg\/kg body weight, although individual differences exist here as well. Young animals, older animals, and animals with pre-existing liver or kidney diseases are particularly sensitive to paracetamol.\n\nCumulative effects with repeated administration of smaller doses should also be considered. Regular administration of supposedly \"safe\" doses can also lead to signs of intoxication due to accumulation in the body.","toxisches_prinzip":"Overdoses and Intoxication overwhelm the detoxification function of the liver and can cause the Death (necrosis) of liver cells due to the accumulation of toxic intermediate products from the breakdown of paracetamol.\n The latency period (time between the ingestion of a toxin and the appearance of the first signs of Intoxication) is only a few hours.\n Paracetamol has a toxic effect even in small doses for cats. Here, too, the aforementioned genetic defect in cats is a primary concern, as it makes the usual breakdown difficult or impossible and therefore quickly leads to the accumulation of liver-damaging substances.\n The same applies to young animals, whose enzyme equipment for breaking down paracetamol is still inadequate.\n Furthermore, paracetamol poisoning leads to a conversion of the red blood pigment into a form unsuitable for oxygen transport (methemoglobin).\n\nSupplements\n\nParacetamol is a highly toxic substance for dogs and especially cats. The toxic effect is not caused by paracetamol itself, but by its metabolites, which cannot be sufficiently detoxified in either species, but especially in cats. The damage primarily affects liver cells and the erythrocytes.\n
The NAPQI metabolite is normally harmless when it is detoxified by glutathione (GSH). However, in the event of an overdose or a lack of glucuronidation, an accumulation of NAPQI occurs, which leads to massive oxidative stress.<\/p>\n\n