Poisoning
Daffodils are toxicToxic means “poisonous” and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to cats.
More information on poisons and Poisonings in Dogs and Cats can be found here:
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Poisoning (Intoxication)
Intoxication is damage to the body from the absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. of toxins through the mouth, skin, or inhalationInhalation is the act of breathing air or other substances into the lungs through the nose or mouth. In dogs and cats, inhalation of toxins, smoke, or allergens can lead to respiratory problems.. Symptoms vary depending on the substance and range from Vomiting and tremors to Seizures and organ failure. Quick action is crucial, as many poisons are time-critical.
Poisonings (Intoxications) in pets are a serious and potentially life-threatening situation that requires immediate veterinary intervention. Poisoning occurs through ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., inhalationInhalation is the act of breathing air or other substances into the lungs through the nose or mouth. In dogs and cats, inhalation of toxins, smoke, or allergens can lead to respiratory problems., or skin Contact with toxicToxic means “poisonous” and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. substances that impair the normal physiological functions of the organism. The severity of poisoning is significantly determined by the type of toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi., the amount ingested, the route of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats., and the individual constitution of the animal.
Dogs and cats react very differently to certain toxins due to their different metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. processes and enzymaticEnzymatic refers to processes catalyzed by enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions in the body and are essential for metabolism and numerous other vital functions. equipment. In particular, cats have an increased sensitivity to certain substances such as paracetamol or essential oils due to their limited ability to glucuronidationGlucuronidation is a metabolic process in which glucuronic acid is bound to substances such as drugs, toxins, or hormones to make them more water-soluble and easier to excrete. This process is important for detoxification in the body of dogs and cats., an important detoxification mechanism in the liver. These species-specific differences must always be taken into account in the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and treatment of Poisonings.
Toxicokinetics describes the path of a toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. in the organism – from absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. to distribution and metabolism to excretion / EliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin.. These processes largely determine how quickly symptoms appear and which organ systems are primarily affected.
Causes
Poisonings can occur as a result of ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems., inhalationInhalation is the act of breathing air or other substances into the lungs through the nose or mouth. In dogs and cats, inhalation of toxins, smoke, or allergens can lead to respiratory problems., or skin Contact with more or less harmful substances such as medications, chemicals, plants, or gases.
Many foods can also be toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to dogs and cats (Fig.).
Poison baits also pose a poisoning hazard to dogs and cats.
In rare cases, poisonous animals can also be a source of poisoning.
For almost all poisons, the dose and type of Contact play a crucial role.
Medications and Household Chemicals
Human medications are one of the most common causes of poisoning in pets. Non-steroidalNon-steroidal refers to medications or substances that are not steroids and often have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic effects. They are used in dogs and cats to treat Pain and Inflammatory conditions. anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs are medications that reduce inflammation. They can be divided into nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids and are used in dogs and cats to reduce Inflammatory conditions and Pain. such as ibuprofen and diclofenac are particularly problematic, as they can lead to severe renal failure and gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. ulcerationAn ulceration is an open wound or sore, typically on the skin or mucous membranes, characterized by the loss of surface tissue. Ulcerations in dogs and cats can be caused by infections, chronic inflammatory conditions, or cancer. even in small doses. Paracetamol is highly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes., especially for cats, as they lack the enzyme for effective metabolism, which can lead to life-threatening methemoglobinemia.
Household cleaners, antifreeze (ethylene glycol), rat poison (anticoagulantsAnticoagulants are medications that slow down or inhibit blood coagulation. They are used to prevent the formation of blood clots and are used in dogs and cats with certain heart conditions or coagulation disorders.), and insecticidesInsecticides are chemical or natural substances used to control insects. If used improperly or with excessive exposure, insecticides can be toxic to dogs and cats. such as permethrin (particularly toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to cats) are among the most common chemical causes of poisoning. Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste and is therefore readily ingested by animals, but it leads to severe renal damage and, if left untreated, Death.
Toxic Foods and Plants
Various foods that are harmless to humans can be toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to dogs and cats. These include chocolate (theobromine), onions and garlic (disulfides), grapes and raisins (unknown nephrotoxin), macadamia nuts, and the sugar substitute xylitol, which can cause life-threatening hypoglycemiaHypoglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar levels fall below the normal range. Symptoms may include tremors, sweating, Hunger, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. in dogs.
Numerous toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants can be found in the garden and household, such as lilies (highly nephrotoxic to cats), oleander, yew, rhododendron, autumn crocus, aconite, lily of the valley, and many more. Seasonal hazards include Christmas roses.
Poison Baits and Environmental Toxins
A particular problem is posed by deliberately laid poison baits, which often contain rat poison, slug pellets (metaldehydeMetaldehyde is a chemical compound commonly used in slug and pest control products. Ingestion of metaldehyde can lead to severe poisoning in dogs and cats.), or even broken glass. Depending on the region, poisonous animals such as toads, snakes, or certain types of spiders can also pose a hazard.
Environmental toxins such as pesticidesPesticides are chemical or biological substances used to control pests, including insects, weeds, and fungi. In dogs and cats, exposure to certain pesticides can be harmful to health and lead to signs of poisoning., herbicidesHerbicides are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants and weeds. Exposure to some herbicides can be toxic to dogs and cats and cause health problems., or heavy metals can be absorbed through contaminatedContaminated describes something that has been polluted by harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or other dangerous substances. In veterinary medicine, this can affect food, water, toys, or the environment. water or through direct Contact. Blue-green algae in stagnant waters in summer also pose a serious poisoning hazard.
Symptoms
The symptomatologySymptomatology refers to the entirety of symptoms associated with a particular disease or condition. It describes how a disease manifests itself externally. of poisoning is extremely diverse and depends on the type of toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi., the amount ingested, and the organ system affected. Symptoms often develop rapidly and are progressiveProgressive describes a condition or disease that worsens over time. This term is often used to characterize the course of an illness that causes increasingly severe symptoms or damage..
Poisonings that are possible in dogs and cats in their usual environment are described here.
Poisoning in dogs and cats
Typical Symptoms:
- Vomiting, DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., drooling, Abdominal pain
- Restlessness, trembling, ataxia, changes in pupils
- Depending on the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi.: sedationSedation refers to the state of calming or suppressing the central nervous system with medication, which reduces anxiety and irritability and sometimes induces a light sleep., hyperactivityHyperactivity refers to an excessively high level of activity that goes beyond normal behavior. In dogs and cats, hyperactivity can be caused by behavioral problems, neurological disorders, or reactions to medications or toxins., Seizures
Alarm signs:
- Seizures, unconsciousness, respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. distress
- Bleeding, pale mucous membranes (suspected anticoagulantsAnticoagulants are medications that slow down or inhibit blood coagulation. They are used to prevent the formation of blood clots and are used in dogs and cats with certain heart conditions or coagulation disorders.)
- Extreme weakness, collapse, hypo-Hypo- is a prefix that means "under," "less than normal," or "too little." It is used to describe conditions that are below normal levels, such as hypothermia (low body temperature) or hypotension (low blood pressure)./hyperthermia
- Rapid deterioration after ingestionIngestion refers to the intake of substances through the mouth and their delivery to the digestive tract. In dogs and cats, the ingestion of toxic substances, foreign objects, or incompatible foods can lead to health problems. of an unknown substance
Escalation/course:
- Minutes–hours: neurotoxic toxins → rapid escalation
- Hours–days: delayed toxins (e.g., anticoagulantsAnticoagulants are medications that slow down or inhibit blood coagulation. They are used to prevent the formation of blood clots and are used in dogs and cats with certain heart conditions or coagulation disorders.) possible
- Later organ signs (liver/kidney) after initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. stability → monitoring
General Signs of Poisoning
Indications of poisoning may include:
- Redness or other abnormalities of the oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. mucosaMucosa, also called mucous membrane, refers to the moist lining of body cavities that are connected to the outside world, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It serves to protect and facilitate the absorption of nutrients.
- Altered odor of the animal or its breath
- Salivation (hypersalivation)
- Restlessness or ApathyApathy refers to a state of indifference and reduced interest or lack of emotional involvement in activities or events that would normally arouse interest.
- Vomiting and Diarrhea, often with abnormal odor or color
- Shortness of breath or altered respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. rate
- HyperactivityHyperactivity refers to an excessively high level of activity that goes beyond normal behavior. In dogs and cats, hyperactivity can be caused by behavioral problems, neurological disorders, or reactions to medications or toxins. or lethargy
- Muscle tremors, Coordination disorders, or Seizures
- Changes in consciousness up to ComaA coma is a deep state of unconsciousness where an individual cannot be awakened and does not respond to stimuli. In dogs and cats, it can be caused by severe illnesses, poisoning, or neurological problems.
- Changes in pupil size (miosisMiosis is the constriction of the pupils, which can be triggered by various causes, including reaction to light, medication, or neurological disorders in dogs and cats. or mydriasis)
Organ-Specific Symptoms
- Depending on the primarily affected organ system, additional specific symptoms may occur:
- GastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract: Intense AbdominalThe term "abdominal" refers to anything that concerns the belly or the abdomen. It is an adjectival expression used to describe the location, symptoms, or conditions that occur in the abdominal area. pain, bloody DiarrheaDiarrhea refers to the condition of frequent, watery bowel movements, which can be a sign of infections, digestive disorders, or other health problems., Vomiting with blood, loss of appetite
- Nervous system: Ataxia, tremor, Seizures, Behavioral changes, clouding of consciousness up to Coma, abnormal pupillary reflexes
- Cardiovascular system: Cardiac arrhythmiaAn arrhythmia is a heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular pattern. Arrhythmias can be harmless or a sign of serious heart problems., blood pressure changes, collapse, pale or cyanoticCyanotic refers to the presence of cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes, indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood. mucous membranes, prolonged capillary refill time
- RespiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. system: DyspneaDyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is the subjective feeling of breathlessness or difficulty breathing. It can be a symptom of a variety of conditions, including heart disease, lung disease, and anemia., abnormal breathing sounds, cyanosisCyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by an inadequate oxygen supply to the blood. It can be a sign of heart, lung, or blood diseases., Cough
- Urogenital system: Oliguria or anuria, polyuriaPolyuria refers to a significantly increased urine output. It can be a symptom of various diseases, including diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, and hormonal disorders., hematuria, renal failure
- Liver: Icterus / jaundiceIcterus / jaundice, also known as jaundice, is the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes. It is a symptom of elevated bilirubin levels in the blood, which may indicate liver disease or biliary tract problems in dogs and cats. (yellowing of the mucous membranes), hepatomegaly, ascitesAscites refers to the accumulation of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can lead to visible abdominal distension. It can be caused by various diseases, including liver disease, cancer, or heart failure.
- Skin: Contact dermatitis, redness, Swelling, Itching, skin necrosisNecrosis is the Death of tissue in a living organism, caused by factors such as injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. Necrotic tissue can cause Inflammatory conditions and further health problems.
The temporal development of symptoms can provide important diagnostic information. While some poisons such as organophosphates or cyanides lead to symptoms within minutes, others such as rat poison (anticoagulantsAnticoagulants are medications that slow down or inhibit blood coagulation. They are used to prevent the formation of blood clots and are used in dogs and cats with certain heart conditions or coagulation disorders.) may not become clinically apparent until days later.
First Aid
The poison control centers are primarily intended for humans and not for animals. Unfortunately, there is no special emergency call center for animals in Germany.
- Remove your pet from the danger zone.
- Remove visible toxins without endangering yourself.
- Rinse or wipe out the oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. cavity. For rinsing, your animal must be responsive so that you can be sure that the protective reflexes (swallowing reflex) are working.
- Keep the label if your pet has eaten the contents of a package.
- In case of skin Contact with a poison, wash or, better, shower your animal very thoroughly for at least 15 minutes. If you clean your animal in a tub, always use fresh water.
- Wear gloves yourself.
- In case of eye contact with a toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi., rinse your pet’s eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.
- If Vomiting, make sure that the tip of the muzzle is the lowest point of the animal. Animals that are conscious take this position on their own. For animals that are not fully mobile, you must support your animal. To do this, lift your animal on its abdomenThe abdomen, also known as the abdominal cavity, is the part of the body located between the rib cage and the pelvis. It houses several important organs, including the stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, and spleen. and pelvis so that the vomited stomach contents can drain and do not get into the airways.
- Clean the oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally. cavity with a paper towel or similar. Make sure the throat is clear.
- Do not push food chunks towards the back of the throat.
- Do not force-feed anything.
- Do not try to induce Vomiting in your animal yourself.
Introduce your animal to a veterinarian as soon as possible.
Allow X-rays of the esophagusThe esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristalsis). to be taken.
If possible and without endangering yourself:
- Take the suspected poison and/or the packaging, label, and package insert with you to the veterinarian.
- Note when your animal ingested the poison, what (estimated) amount, and in what way (ingested, inhaled, through the skin).
- Are there poisonous plants in the household or in the garden, or was there a clear Contact during a walk?
- Have insecticidesInsecticides are chemical or natural substances used to control insects. If used improperly or with excessive exposure, insecticides can be toxic to dogs and cats., plant poisons, or rat baits been used in the household or in areas accessible to the pet?
- Is your pet currently on medication? If so, which ones?
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of poisoning poses a particular challenge, as the symptoms are often non-specific and can overlap with many other diseases. A systematic diagnostic approach is crucial.
Medical history and clinical examination
A detailed medical historyThe medical history is the systematic collection of a patient's medical history through questioning. It includes information about previous illnesses, treatments, allergies, and lifestyle habits. is of central importance. The following information should be collected:
- Time and type of suspected poison exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats.
- Estimated amount ingested
- Route of exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. (oralOral means "through the mouth" and refers to the intake of food, medication, or other substances through the mouth. In veterinary medicine, many treatments are administered orally., dermal, inhalationInhalation is the act of breathing air or other substances into the lungs through the nose or mouth. In dogs and cats, inhalation of toxins, smoke, or allergens can lead to respiratory problems.)
- Time course of symptoms
- Presence of toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. substances in the animal’s environment
- Current medication of the animal
The clinical examination includes a complete evaluation of all organ systems, with particular attention to neurological abnormalities, vital parameters, and mucous membrane condition.
Laboratory diagnostics
Basic laboratory tests include:
- Complete blood count and differential blood countA differential blood count is a detailed examination of the different types of cells in the blood, including red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. It provides information about the immune system and helps in the diagnosis of various diseases.
- SerumSerum is the liquid part of the blood that remains after coagulation. It does not contain blood cells or coagulation factors, but many other proteins, antibody and electrolytes. Serum is used in diagnostics for a variety of blood tests. biochemistry with liver and kidney values
- ElectrolytesElectrolytes are minerals in the body that carry an electric charge and perform vital functions such as regulating fluid balance, acid-base balance, and nerve and muscle activity. The main electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. and acid-base status
- CoagulationCoagulation is the process of blood coagulation, in which liquid blood is transformed into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping Bleeding and promoting wound healing. parameters (especially if anticoagulantsAnticoagulants are medications that slow down or inhibit blood coagulation. They are used to prevent the formation of blood clots and are used in dogs and cats with certain heart conditions or coagulation disorders. are suspected)
- Urinalysis
Specific toxicological tests can be performed on blood, urine, stomach contents, or fecal samples. However, these are often time-consuming and not always available in emergency situations.
Imaging methods
X-rays can be helpful if poisoning with radiopaque components is suspected, or to assess secondary organ damage. UltrasoundUltrasound refers to sound waves that are above the hearing threshold of the human ear. In medicine, ultrasound is used for diagnostic imaging procedures to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. examinations allow the assessment of organ changes, especially in the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract.
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is often based on a combination of medical history, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results, as direct toxicological detection is not always possible.
Further veterinary measures
After an assessment of the hazard by the veterinarian, uniform principles apply to Intoxication.
The vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness. are secured. Appropriate basic diagnostics are necessary for this.
The removal of the poison, usually started by the animal’s owner, by cleaning the coat and skin (decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection.) is continued comprehensively if necessary.
DecontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. also includes inducing Vomiting, administering activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body., or gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound. for poisons already in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract, provided that the time course does not argue against it.
If available, an antidote is used.
The mixed antiserum “Antivenin” exists against the toxins of the snakes occurring in Europe (adder, asp viper and sand viper).
The use of antivenin is only recommended in critical cases, as there is a risk of anaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is a rapid, severe allergic reaction that is potentially life-threatening. It can be triggered by various factors, including food, medications, and insect stings, and requires immediate medical attention..
Otherwise, symptomatic therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is carried out, which depends on the effect of the respective poison.
Supplements
The treatment of poisonings follows a multi-stage approach, with the stabilization of vital functionsVital functions are essential bodily functions necessary to sustain life. These include breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and level of consciousness. always taking first place.
Emergency Measures and First Aid
If poisoning is suspected, pet owners should take the following first aid measures:
- Remove the animal from the danger zone
- Remove visible toxins without endangering yourself
- In case of skin Contact, rinse the coat thoroughly with lukewarm water (at least 15 minutes)
- In case of eye Contact, rinse eyes with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes
- If Vomiting, make sure that the tip of the muzzle is the lowest point to avoid aspiration
- Do not attempt to induce Vomiting on your own
- Do not pour anything in
- Secure packaging, label or samples of the suspected poison for the veterinarian
Decontamination
Veterinary decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. includes various measures to remove or inactivate the poison:
Enteral decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection.:
- Emetics such as apomorphine (dog) or xylazine (cat) can be used in case of recent oral intake (< 2–4 hours) and with full consciousness
- Gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound. under general anesthesia for severe poisonings or if Vomiting is contraindicated
- Activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. binds many toxins in the gastrointestinalGastrointestinal refers to the gastrointestinal tract, a system that extends from the oral cavity to the anus and is responsible for the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. tract and prevents their absorptionAbsorption refers to the uptake of substances by living cells or tissues. In the context of veterinary medicine, it often refers to the absorption of nutrients, drugs, or toxins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. (multipleMultiple means manifold or repeated and is used to describe conditions or events that occur in multiple instances or at different locations. In veterinary medicine, this may indicate multiple lesions, tumors, or other pathological changes. administration in case of enterohepatic circulation)
- LaxativesLaxatives are medications that ease the passage / transit of stool through the intestines. They are used in dogs and cats to treat constipation by softening the stool or stimulating bowel movements. accelerate the passage / transitPassage refers to the passage / transit or transport of substances through the body or within body cavities and channels, such as the digestive tract or airways. of toxins through the intestine
Dermal decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection.:
- Thorough washing with mild shampoo
- Use of degreasing washing solutions for lipophilic substances
Eye decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection.:
- Continuous rinsing with physiological saline solution
Antidote therapy
Specific antidotes are available for some poisons:
- VitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. K1 for anticoagulantAn anticoagulant is a medication that inhibits blood coagulation, thus preventing the formation of blood clots. It is used for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis and embolism. Poisonings (rat poison)
- N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol poisoning
- Atropine and pralidoxime for organophosphate Poisonings
- Ethanol or 4-methylpyrazole for ethylene glycol Poisonings
- Antivenin for snake bites (only in critical cases due to anaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is a rapid, severe allergic reaction that is potentially life-threatening. It can be triggered by various factors, including food, medications, and insect stings, and requires immediate medical attention. risk)
Supportive Therapy
Symptomatic and supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. is often crucial for treatment success:
- Fluid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. to promote renal EliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. and stabilize circulation
- Oxygen administration for respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. problems
- AnticonvulsantsAnticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs, are medications used to control or prevent seizures. They are used in dogs and cats with epilepsy or other conditions that cause seizures. for seizures
- Temperature management
- AnalgesiaAnalgesia refers to insensitivity to pain, achieved either through the body's natural mechanisms or through the administration of painkillers. for Pain
- Support of organ functions (liver, kidney)
- In severe cases, intensive care monitoring with monitoring of vital parameters
In particularly severe cases, extracorporeal EliminationElimination refers to the process by which waste products and toxins are removed from the body. This includes excretion via the kidneys (urine), intestines (stool), lungs (breath), and skin. procedures such as hemodialysis or hemoperfusion can be considered, especially in renal failure or Poisonings with dialyzable toxins.
Prognosis and aftercare
The prognosis for poisonings depends on various factors and requires an individual assessment of each case.
Prognostic factors
The following factors significantly influence the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop.:
- Type and amount of poison ingested
- Time between exposureExposure refers to the Contact with or subjection to certain substances, environmental factors, or pathogens. In veterinary medicine, this can include Contact with toxins, allergens, or infectious agents that can cause health problems in dogs and cats. and start of treatment
- General condition and pre-existing illnesses of the animal
- Severity of organ damage
- Availability of specific antidotes
- Quality of intensive care
With early detection and adequate treatment, the prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. for many poisonings is good. However, severe organ damage, especially to the kidneys, liver, or nervous system, can lead to permanent functional limitations or Death.
Aftercare and convalescence
Aftercare following poisoning includes:
- Regular monitoring of organ functions through clinical examination and laboratory diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.
- Adjustment of diet in case of organ damage (e.g., kidney-friendly diet)
- Drug support of organ functions
- PhysiotherapyVeterinary physiotherapy encompasses a range of treatment methods aimed at improving the mobility and well-being of animals through exercise, massage, and other manual techniques. for neurological deficits
- Regular monitoring of long-term medications (e.g., vitaminVitamins are organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for the normal growth, development, and physiological function of the body. Vitamins must mostly be obtained through food, as the body cannot produce them or not in sufficient quantities. K1 for anticoagulantAn anticoagulant is a medication that inhibits blood coagulation, thus preventing the formation of blood clots. It is used for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis and embolism. Poisonings)
The convalescence phase can last from days to months, depending on the severity of the poisoning. Long-term aftercare is particularly necessary for damage to the nervous system or kidneys.
Prevention of future poisonings
An essential aspect of aftercare is advising pet owners on the preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. of further poisoning cases:
- Safe storage of medications, chemicals, and cleaning agents
- Removal of poisonous plants from the living area and garden
- Use of pet-friendly alternatives to toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. household products
- Caution when using pesticidesPesticides are chemical or biological substances used to control pests, including insects, weeds, and fungi. In dogs and cats, exposure to certain pesticides can be harmful to health and lead to signs of poisoning. and fertilizers
- Leash requirement in areas with known poisoned bait problems
- Training the dog to avoid ingesting foreign substances
Summary
Poisonings in Dogs and Cats are a common and potentially life-threatening emergency. The causes are varied, ranging from medications and household chemicals to poisonous plants and intentionally laid poisoned baits. The symptomatologySymptomatology refers to the entirety of symptoms associated with a particular disease or condition. It describes how a disease manifests itself externally. varies greatly depending on the toxinA toxin is a poison produced by living cells or organisms that can be harmful to the body upon contact or ingestion. Toxins can originate from bacteria, plants, animals, or fungi. and can affect almost any organ system.
The diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. is based on a thorough medical history, clinical examination, and targeted laboratory diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients.. The therapy follows a multi-stage approach, consisting of decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection., antidoteAn antidote is a substance used to neutralize or reverse the harmful effects of poisoning or a drug overdose. Antidotes can be specific to certain poisons or have more general detoxifying effects. administration (if available), and supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. treatment. The prognosisThe prognosis is the prediction of the likely course and outcome of a disease based on the general state of health, the nature of the disease, and the response to treatment. It can provide information on how a disease is expected to develop. depends on the time of intervention, the type of poison, and the extent of organ damage.
Crucial for successful treatment are the rapid recognition of poisoning and immediate veterinary attention. Pet owners should know basic first aid measures and identify and eliminate potential hazards in the household.
The species-specific differences between dogs and cats with regard to metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. processes and sensitivity to certain toxins must be considered in both the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and the therapy. An interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinarians, toxicologists, and emergency physicians can improve treatment success in complex cases.
Outlook on current research
Veterinary toxicology is a dynamic field of research, with continuous advances in diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients. and therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions..
New diagnostic methods
Current research approaches focus on the development of faster and more precise diagnostic tests for common poisonings. Point-of-care tests are increasingly enabling the rapid identification of certain toxins directly in the veterinary practice. Complex approaches allow the identification of specific biomarkers for various poisonings, which can accelerate the diagnosisA diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition by its symptoms and/or results from diagnostic tests. It is the first step in the management and treatment of patients..
Innovative therapy approaches
Research into new antidotes and treatment protocols is progressing. Lipid therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. (intravenous fat emulsions) has proven to be a promising approach for poisonings with lipophilic substances. Nanoparticle-based adsorbents with higher binding capacity than conventional activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. are under development.
Extracorporeal therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions. procedures are increasingly being adapted and optimized for veterinary medicine, which expands the treatment options for severe poisonings.
Monitoring and prevention
Digital monitoring systems for poisoning cases enable the detection of regional clusters and new sources of danger. Mobile applications for identifying poisonous plants and substances, as well as for providing initialInitial means beginning or at the start. In medicine, it can refer to the first symptoms of a disease or the first phase of a treatment process. care to poisoned animals, are being developed and improved.
Research into the genetic basis for different sensitivities to toxins could enable individualized preventionPrevention includes measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries. In veterinary medicine, this includes vaccinations, parasite control, and health monitoring. and treatment strategies in the future.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- What signs can indicate poisoning in my pet?
Typical signs include sudden Vomiting, Diarrhea, increased salivation, tremors, Seizures, changes in consciousness, dilated or constricted pupils, and respiratoryRespiratory refers to breathing or the process of breathing. Respiratory diseases affect the respiratory tract and can impair the ability to breathe effectively. and circulatory problems. The sudden occurrence of several of these symptoms without any other recognizable cause is particularly suspicious. - What foods are toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. to dogs and cats?
Dangerous foods include chocolate, coffee and other caffeinated products, onions, garlic, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, avocados, and products containing the sweetener xylitol. ToxicityToxicity is the measure of a substance's harmfulness or poisonousness. Toxicity can vary depending on the dose, route of exposure, and individual sensitivity. varies depending on the animal species and amount ingested. - What should I do if I suspect my animal has eaten something toxic?
Remove your animal from the danger zone, secure any remaining poison or its packaging if possible, and contact your veterinarian immediately. Do not attempt to induce Vomiting yourself or administer home remedies, as this may worsen the situation. - How long does it take for symptoms to appear after poisoning?
The time frame varies considerably depending on the poison, amount ingested, and route of exposure. Some toxins, such as organophosphates or cyanides, can cause symptoms within minutes, while others, such as rat poison, may not become clinically apparent until days later. - Can I give my animal activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. if I suspect poisoning?
The administration of activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. should only take place after consulting a veterinarian. It is only effective for certain poisons and is even contraindicated for some Poisonings. In addition, the correct timing of administration is crucial for effectiveness. - How can I make my home safer for my pets?
Store medications, cleaning agents, and chemicals in locked cabinets. Remove toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. houseplants or place them out of reach of your animals. Find out about toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. garden plants and use animal-friendly alternatives to toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. products. - Are cats more susceptible to Poisonings than dogs?
Cats are indeed more sensitive to certain substances due to their special metabolicMetabolic refers to metabolism, i.e. the entirety of chemical processes that take place in a living organism to enable life processes. Metabolic disorders can cause a variety of Diseases in Dogs and cats. processes. Paracetamol, permethrin, essential oils, and lilies are particularly problematic for cats, as they can lead to more serious Poisonings in them than in dogs. - How are Poisonings treated at the veterinarian?
Depending on the case, treatment includes decontaminationDecontamination refers to the removal of toxic substances or pathogens from a living being, object, or environment to prevent or treat poisoning or infection. (inducing Vomiting, gastric lavageLavage is a rinsing procedure that uses a liquid to clean a body cavity, organ, or wound. In veterinary medicine, lavage can be used, for example, for gastric lavage or to clean an infected wound., activated charcoalActivated charcoal is a fine-pored, highly adsorbing material commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat poisoning. It binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent their absorption into the body. administration), administration of specific antidotes (if available), and supportiveSupportive refers to supportive treatments that aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without directly treating the underlying cause of the disease. measures such as infusion therapyTherapy refers to the treatment of diseases or disorders with the aim of alleviating symptoms, promoting healing, or improving quality of life. Therapies can be medicinal, surgical, or through other medical interventions., oxygen administration, or Seizure control. - How long does recovery take after poisoning?
The recovery time varies greatly depending on the type and severity of the poisoning and the general condition of the animal. Mild Poisonings can heal within a few days, while severe cases with organ damage require a lengthy convalescence or can leave permanent damage. - What are the most common causes of poisoning in pets?
The most common causes are medication Poisonings (especially human medications), household chemicals, pesticidesPesticides are chemical or biological substances used to control pests, including insects, weeds, and fungi. In dogs and cats, exposure to certain pesticides can be harmful to health and lead to signs of poisoning., rat poison, chocolate, ethylene glycol (antifreeze), and toxicToxic means "poisonous" and refers to substances that can have harmful effects on the body, including damage to organs, cells, or disruption of metabolic processes. plants. Regionally, deliberately laid poison baits can also be a significant problem.
Literature
- Malik R, Ward MP, Seavers A, Fawcett A, Bell E, Govendir M, Page S.: Permethrin spot-on intoxication of cats Literature review and survey of veterinary practitioners in Australia. Permethrin spot-on intoxication of cats Literature review and survey of veterinary practitioners in Australia. J Feline Med Surg. 2010 Jan;12(1),5-14.
- https://www.tierschutzbund.de/information/hintergrund/heimtiere/vergiftungen-bei-heimtieren/
- Löwe, G. and Löwe, O. (2021). Emergencies in dogs and cats – A veterinary Guide. Kreuztal: Kynos-Verlag. 208 pp.
- Löwe, G. and Löwe, O. (2021). Poisoning in dogs and cats – A veterinary Guides. Kynos-Verlag. 225 p.
- Gupta RC, editor. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press; 2018.
- Merola V, Dunayer E. The 10 most common toxicoses in cats. Veterinary Medicine. 2020;115(4):173-184.